Sports Business Final

Know the definition of the economics of sport.

how sport teams/organizations/athletes/fans,etc. deal with scarcity, which is when resources are insufficient tomeet needs and desires

Understand the differences between macro and microeconomics in sport.

Microeconomics- the study of financial behavior ofindividual business and households

Macroeconomics - the study of how overall economic factors like GDP, employment, and inflation impact the sports industry and vice versa

Understand the supply-and-demand model in sport.

Demand - the relationship between the price of a product and the amount of the product that consumers are willing to buy

Supply - elationship between the price of a product andthe amount of the product that suppliers are willing toproduce and sel

Know the three steps to follow in sport analytics.

1. Collect Data

2. Analyze Data

3. Communicate results

Know that in U.S. sport, baseball has been at the forefront of sport analytics development.

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Know who Billy Beane was.

Moneyball

- Michael Lewis' book led to Every MLB club adding an analytics department

- His success with the small-market As led to emulation

Briefly review the history of fantasy sports starting with the development of Rotisserie baseball to the current popularity of (NFL) fantasy football. Baseball was the first popular fantasy sport, but now football dominates fantasy sport participation.

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Development of rotisserie Baseball

- In 1980 by Daniel Okrent a Magazine editor/writer pitched theidea at La Rotisserie Française restaurant in New York City

- Owners would draft teams and follow their statistics through the ongoing season

- Traditional statistics were used because they couldbe found in box scores of the newspaper

- Unlike other fantasy sports, auction were popular forbaseball.

Understand variable ticket pricing.

Teams alter ticket prices based on various factors (e.g., quality of opponent, day of the week) but do not alter the set ticket price (which is generally determined prior to the beginning of the season)

Media framing

The way news stories and other media content are structured to influence how the audience interprets and reacts to the information

Real example -

Real example of media framing

Political messaging uses language to evoke specific emotions, and how news coverage of events can shape public opinion by focusing on certain actors or aspects

Hypothetical example of media framing

Comparing how the same event would be framed differently by different media outlets with varying political biases.

Understand the symbiotic relationship between mass media and sport.

Know who Roone Arledge was and his impact on sport television.

Roone Arledge was a pioneering TV executive at ABC who transformed sports broadcasting. He created Monday Night Football and Wide World of Sports, making sports more entertaining and viewer-friendly. He introduced innovations like instant replay, multiple camera angles, and enhanced storytelling—turning games into dramatic events and shaping modern sports TV.

Understand the differences between sport public relations and sport marketing.

Marketing focuses on consumers

PR focuses on public

Marketing's goal is exchanges

PR's goal is relationships

Know the four approaches to sport public relations

- Media Relations

- Community Relations

- Crisis Communication

- Internal/Employee Communication

Understand the difference between media and public relations in sport.

Media relations

- Short-term goals

- Often more reactive in nature, although Often more reactive in nature, although this should not be the lone strategy of a sport organization or athletic department

Public Relations

- Long-term goal is to generate positive public sentiment

- More proactive in nature

Know the five P's of the sport marketing mix.

Product

Price

Place

Promotion

Public relations

Know the AIDA approach to sport promotions.

A - increase AWARENESS

I - attract INTERESt

D - arouse DESIRE

A - initiate ACTION

Know the three elements of marketing a sport product.

- Competition between two teams orthe on-field product

- Entertainment or fan experience associated with sport product consumption

- Benefits gained through sportproduct consumption

Know what makes a sport product unique.

- Intangible

- Heterogeneous: A sport consumer's perceptionof a product can change over time

.- Perishable: Here today, gone tomorrow

- Simultaneous

Know the three types of brand associations in sport.

Attributes

Benefits

Attitudes

Understand what brand equity is.

The value the brand contributes to a product in the marketplace

Understand the rise of Hispanic/Latinos in MLB vs. the decline of African Americans in MLB and the reasons for this.

- Hispanic/Latino Rise: Strong baseball cultures in countries like the Dominican Republic, Venezuela, and Cuba; MLB investment in international academies; low-cost international signings.

- African American Decline: Urban youth face limited access to baseball facilities; high costs of travel teams; shift to basketball/football; fewer role models in MLB.

- Additional Factors: Decline of baseball programs in inner-city schools; MLB's slow diversity efforts domestically vs. aggressive recruitment abroad.

Know the types of stereotypes sport media often frames based on an athlete's race or ethnicity.

Hispanic - hot tempered

Asian - self disciplined, hard working conformists

Understand African American overrepresentation and underrepresentation (compared to their percentage of society's population) in various college sports.

- Overrepresented: Football and men's basketball — African Americans make up a large portion of athletes compared to their ~13% U.S. population share.

- Underrepresented: Baseball, swimming, tennis, lacrosse, and gymnastics — fewer African American athletes due to limited access, cost barriers, and less exposure.

- Causes: Socioeconomic disparities, lack of facilities in urban areas, recruiting focus on certain sports, and cultural influences.

Understand the various racist myth theories on why African Americans dominate certain sports.

- Matriarchal Theory: "Single parent households wherefather was absent"- AA male athletes channel their fatherless hostilitiesthrough sport. Media regularly reinforce this stereotypefor better storylines even though most Black athletescome from dual-parent homes.

- Mandingo Theory: "Selectively-bred gene pool"- Jimmy the Greek Snyder was fired by CBS forspewing this claim. We are now 5-6 generationsremoved from slavery and most Black slaves were notforced to breed with other selected slaves.

- Survival of the Fittest Theory: "Middle Passage"descendants are genetically superior. Absurd to thinkthat could affect sport performance in 2024.

Racist myths

- Genetic Theory: White fast-twitch muscle fibers was used toexplain why Blacks dominated sprints & red slow-twitchmuscle fibers as to why whites dominated long-distancerunning for so long. Supported by media until this wasdebunked by Black Ethopians winning marathons andgeneticists pointing out their were no fiber differences by race.

- Psychological Theory: Blacks are "incapable of leadership,do poorly under pressure & are not good thinkers" This wasused to keep Blacks from playing quarterback by racistcoaches, but now many of the NFL's best QBs are black.

- Dumb Jock Theory: "Football and basketball players takeeasy jock courses and major in eligibility (general studies)rather than a legitimate academic major." Originated inancient Greece by philosophers and not limited to Blackathletes in modern stereotypes, although Black male athletesin our most popular sports are the most likely to be negativelystereotyped by "Dumb-jock Theory".

Know that the NFL and NBA recently set records for each league's most number of minority head coaches, although these percentages are still way below the percentage of minority players.

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Know the findings of the Adler & Adler study on sport socialization by sex.

Young boys are more likely than young girls to believe they are good at sport, place a high value on sport participation and on performing well in sport (Eccles & Harold).

Know the three tests used to evaluate if schools are complying with Title IX for female sport participation.

1. Athletic participation opportunities are substantially proportionate to the M/F undergraduate enrollment

2. Establishing a history and continuing practice of program expansion of tthe underepresented gender

3. The interests & abilities of the underepresented sex are fully & effectively accommodated

Know what the glass-ceiling effect is in sport leadership positions.

- barriers to the advancement of women and minorities

- Negative attitudes toward females and/or minorities that prevent them from moving beyond a certain level in the organizational hierarchy

- Why we see so few women & minorities in sport leadership positions

Know the sex differences of how female and male athletes are covered by sport media.

- men receieve more coverage than women

- men are shown mroe to portray masculinity and strength

- women are shown more in sports to show grace balance and beauty, typically in sports with no physical contact

Understand symbolic dominance in sport media.

When media members emphasize the difference between men and women, wehre men represent the standard and women represent the other

3 types of symbiolic dominance

1. Asymmetrical gender marketing

Infantilization/hierearchies of naming

3. sexualization

Know which U.S. major pro sport league had the first openly gay male athlete compete.

Jason Collins NBA

Carl Nassib NFL

Know the four types of violence in sport.

1. Brutal Body Contact

2. Borderline Violence

3. Quasi-Criminal Violence

4. Criminal Violence

Know the three components of a professional perspective in sport management.

1. Professional Preparation

2. Professional attitude

3. Career Readiness

Understand the most important keys for students to gain entry into the sport business industry.

Garnering practical experience in the industry and building up both your resume and contacts

Know what an ethical dilemma is in sport.

Practical conflict of more or less equally compelling obligations

Know the three criteria of good moral reasoning in sport.

- Must remai impartial

- Must be sytematically consistent

- Must be analyzed together with particular cases to reveal the extent of their moral worth

Methaethics

concentrates on the logic coherherence and presuppositions of ethical theory

Applied ethics

concerned w examiningbehavior of right or wrong, good bad, authentic and inauthentic. you as an aspiring sport industry prof, will usually emplot applies ethics fot most dilemmas/ethical scenarios faced.

3 ethical bases/approaches

1. deontology - rule based approach that focuses on obligation and duty

2. teleology - focuses on the consequence of the action, you measure the amount of goodness or badness that may arise from behavior

3. Existentialism - the attention is directed solely on the individual, behavior is solely based on what is authentic and inauthentic