chapter 2: Basic Chemistry

chemistry

study of matter and the changes in undergoes

element

pure substances consisting of only one type of atom

what are the key elements of the human body?

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen

periodic table

lists all known elements

atoms

smallest units of matter

structure of an atom consists of?

nucleus surrounded by electrons in orbitals

nucleus of an atom is made up of?

protons and neurtons

protons

positively charged particles

neurtons

particles with no charge

electrons

negatively charge particles

atomic number

number of protons; in a neutral atom, protons = electrons

molecules

group of two or more atoms chemically combined

compounds

group of two or more atoms of different elements combined chemically

H + H = H2 is an example of?

molecule

C + H4 = CH4 is an example of?

compound

reactants

starting substances in a chemical reaction

products

resulting substances in a chemical reaction

name two types of chemical bonds

ionic bond and covalent bond

ionic bonds

bonds created by complete transfer of electrons between atoms

cation

positively charged ion

anion

negatively charged ion

ion

charged particle

covalent bonds

bonds formed by atoms sharing electrons

non-polar covalent bond

electrons shared equally

polar covalent bond

electrons shared unequally

_____ is a chemical property describing an atom's tendency to attract shared electrons in a covalent bond

electronegativity

synthesis reaction (anabolism)

buildup of larger molecules from smaller ones; chemical energy is absorbed (endergonic)

decomposition reaction (catabolism)

breakdown of big molecules into smaller ones; chemical energy is released (exergonic)

metabolic pathways

chemical reactions that make and use energy within an organism

biochemistry

chemistry of life

inorganic compounds

do not contain carbon; examples: water, salts, acids and bases

organic compounds

contain carbon, derived from living things, macromolecules formed by covalent bonds; examples: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

properties of water (4)

high heat capacity, high heat vaporization, solvent, cushion

electrolytes

substances that develop electrical charges when dissolved in water

acids

molecules that release hydrogen ions when dissolve in water

bases

molecules that release hydroxyl ions when dissolved in water

pH scale

measures hydrogen ion concentration

pH scale ranges from?

0 (most acidic) to 14 (most basic/alkaline)

pH < 7

acidic

pH > 7

basic

pH = 7

neutral

buffers

chemicals that resist changes in pH

polymers

large molecules made of many repeating units (monomers)

biomolecule

A carbon based molecule made by living things.

carbohydrates

main sorurce of energy for the body

carbohydrates are made up of?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen in ratio 1:2:1

what is the shape of a carbohydrate?

ring

types of carbohydrates

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose

-ose

sugar

disaccharides

maltose, lactose, sucrose

polysaccharides

starches, fibers, glycogen

lipids are made up of?

carbon, hydrogen, some oxygen

what is the solubility of lipids?

insoluble in water, soluble in other lipids

types of lipids

triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

triglycerides

glycerol + 3 fatty acids

saturated fats

solid at room temperature, solid bonds (eg. butter)

unsaturated fats

liquid at room temperature, one or more double bonds

trans fat

unhealthy solid fats, artificially hydrogenated vegetable oils; increase heart disease

omega-3

found in cold water fish, flax seeds, walnuts, etc; decrease heart disease

phospholipids

main lipids forming cell membranes

steroids

characterized by a carbon skeleton of four fused rings

proteins

build body structures, act as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies

what elements are proteins made up of?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur

proteins are made up of?

amino acid monomers

enzymes

proteins that speedup chemical reactions (biological catalyst)

-ase

enzyme suffix

hydrolase

uses water to break down large molecules (hydrolysis)

oxidase

catalyzes electron transfer to oxygen

catalyst

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

nucleic acid

macromolecules containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus

the two types of nucleic acids are?

DNA and RNA

DNA stands for

Deoxyribonucleic acid

RNA stands for

Ribonucleic acid

genetic material found in the nucleus of an atom is called?

DNA

what provides instructions for every protein in the body?

DNA

DNA structure

double helix with complementary bases

DNA nucleotide bases

adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine

DNA complementary paring

A-T, G-C

_____ replicate before cell division

DNA

executes DNA’s instructions in protein synthesis

DNA

RNA structure

single stranded

RNA nucleotide bases

adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine

RNA complementary bases

A-U, G-C

types of RNA

mRNA, rRNA, tRNA

mRNA

carries genetic code from DNA to ribosomes

rRNA

part of ribosomes, where proteins are made

tRNA

transfer specific amino acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis

ATP stands for

Adenosine Triphosphate

what is the energy currency of the body?

ATP

ATP is made up of?

nitrogenous base (adenine), sugar (ribose), three phosphate groups

ATP function

stores and supplies energy in cells

how does ATP energy release occurs?

by breaking high-energy phosphate bonds

how is ATP replenished?

by oxidation of food fuels

ATP cycle

when ATP is used, it becomes ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate), which is then recycled back to ATP by adding an inorganic phosphate

monomer for nucleic acids

nucleotide

nucleotide is made up of?

phosphate, sugar, nitrogenous base