Case Study Exam

Borrelia burgdorferi (gram - bacteria)

-Tick borne (ixodes tick)
-spiral
-stiff neck
-causes lymes disease
-bulls eye rash, fever, fatigue, arthritis

Escherichia coli (gram - bacteria)

-fecal orally
-shiga toxin
-food poisoning, travelers diarrhea
-raw veggie & uncooked meat

Haemophilus influenzae (gram - bacteria)

-rod
-zoonosis
-upper & lower respiratory infection
-can affect circulatory & nervous system
-HiB
-Virulence: capsule

Helicobacter pylori (gram - bacteria)

-fecal oral
-virulence: neutralizes stomach acids (able to survive acid environments)
-stomach ulcers

Neisseria meningitidis (gram - bacteria)

-coccus
-tiny flat lesions
-belt of Africa
-lack of appetite, sluggish/lack of sleep, confused, vomiting, sensitive to light, stiff neck
-antibiotic ceftriaxone
-lumbar puncture

Salmonella typhi (gram - bacteria)

-Virulence: changes shape
-vomiting & diarrhea, fever, inflammation of small & large intestine, skin rash

Bacillus anthracis (gram + bacteria)

-endospores
-rod
-breathing in endospores, ingesting endospores, getting endospores in cut
-charcoal black ulcers on skin, pneumonia, brain damage due to swelling, high fever, difficulty breathing, coughing up blood, vomiting, chest pain
-multiple failed organs (Shock)
-once endospores are inhaled, they infect to cause release of toxins & edema & cell death

Clostridium botulinum (gram + bacteria)

-endospores
-anaerobic conditions like canning
-virulence: botulinum toxins which blocks synapse and acetylcholine release causing paralysis
-cosmetic Botox

Clostridium tetani (gram + bacteria)

-rod
-contact with wound
-tetanus- involuntary muscle spasms
-strict anaerobic environment

Staphylococcus aureus (gram + bacteria)

-coccus
-local infection: hair follicles
-boils, urinary tract infection, pneumonia in lungs
-virulence: stapholysins (breaks down skin)

Streptococcus pyogenes (gram + bacteria)

-coccus
-very high fever , joint swelling
-strep throat- bright red arch with darker red dots
-on skin as rash
-Rhythmic fever- inflammation of heart

Aspergillus flavus (nondimorphic fungi)

-endospores
-open wound
-agriculture or outdoor environment
-also from hospitals
-antifungal medications such as voriconazole (preferred for invasive aspergillosis), itraconazole, and amphotericin B
-contaminant of nuts and stored grains, produces an aflatoxin that is both a toxin and the most potent known natural carcinogen.

Candida albicans (dimorphic fungi)

-coccus
-more favorable to yeast
-vaginal yeast infections, oral thrust,
-itching, burning, discharge
-antifungal medication & check with papsmear

Sporothrix schenkii (nondimorphic fungi)

-soil, plants, timber dwelling
-ex. rose & thorn
-into wound to lymp which causes ulcers
-lymp nodes swell
-Treatment with itraconazole

Tinea (nondimorphic fungi)

-athletes food/ring worm
-direct contact
-skin/nails
-dark, wet, warm environments
-red ring with lesions
-itching, burning, dry cracking
-can also grow on nails
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Acanthamoeba (protist)

-wet environments
-soils & fresh water (swimming/hottubes)
-Disseminated infections, lesions, keratitis (corneal inflammation) and blindness
-higher risk with contact lenses
-skin wounds & respiratory tract
-treatments include topical antiseptics, painkillers or corticosteroids
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Babesia (protist)

- tick borne (ixodes ticks)
-infects RBC & replicate inside to burst the cell
-malaria-like symptoms (recurring fever)
-combination of atovaquone and azithromycin or a combination of clindamycin and quinine

Giardia lamblia (protist)

-anaerobic parasite that possesses two nuclei and several flagella
-diarrhea
-spread through cysts from feces that contaminate water supplies (they live in the guts of animals like termites and cockroaches)
-Nitroimidazoles

Trypanosoma brucei (protist)

-African sleeping sickness
-via the bite of a tsetse fly
-include confusion, difficulty sleeping, and lack of coordination
-virulence: abilities to form capsules and undergo antigenic variation

Hepatitis (virus)

-Hep A- Fecal oral
-Hep B- STI or Blood
-Hep C- blood sex razor
-Hep D- Virusoid (doesn't infect on its own needs hep B)
-Hep E- undercooked meat/shellfish

Herpes simplex virus I or II (virus)

-sexually transmitted
-virulence: dsDNA gets into WBC
-blisters/sores

HIV (virus)

-chronic
-damage to the immune system
-virus targets helper T cells
-more sustainable to infections

Mumps (virus)

-respiratory droplets or through contact with contaminated saliva
-fever, muscle pain, headache, pain with chewing, loss of appetite, fatigue, and weakness.
-swollen salivary glands
-virus can enter the bloodstream (viremia), allowing it to spread to the organs and the central nervous system.
-The virus can be identified using culture or molecular techniques such as RT-PCR.

Poliovirus (virus)

-fecal oral or by aerosol or droplet transmission.
-intestinal disease that, proceeds to the nervous system, causing paralysis and, potentially, death.
-at the beginning: present in the throat and in the stool
-later: invades local lymphoid tissue, enters the bloodstream, and then may infect cells of the CNS.
-spinal cord, brain stem, or motor cortex results in cell destruction and leads to flaccid paralysis

Roseola

-saliva or respiratory secretions
-runny nose, a sore throat, and a cough, along with a high fever
-three to five days after the fever subsides, a rash may begin to appear on the chest and abdomen
-flat or papules that are firm and slightly raised; some macules or papules may be surrounded by a white ring
-serological tests to confirm the diagnosis

Zika virus (virus)

-mosquito & sex borne
-cold-like symptoms, headache, rash,
-pregnant women: increased chance of miscarriage/brain swelling
-attacks nervous system and muscle weakness

Enterobius vermicularis (worm)

-pinworm
-fecal oral
-sleeplessness and itching around the anus
-vision loss and eye inflammation, or fever, fatigue, coughing, and abdominal pain, depending on whether the organism infects the eye or the viscera.

Loa loa (worm)

-African eye worm
-West and Central Africa
-by deerflies
-visible migration of worms across the conjunctiva of the eye
-fever and areas of allergic inflammation
-temporary eye pain and itching
-Worms can be surgically removed from the eye or the skin

Taenia (worm)

-tapeworm
-pork
-attaches to the intestinal wall
-mild gastrointestinal symptoms such as epigastric discomfort, nausea, diarrhea, flatulence, or hunger pains
-tapeworm segments passed in the stool
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Trichinella (worm)

-undercooked meat, which releases the larvae and allows them to encyst in muscles
-fever, muscle pains, and digestive system problems; severe infections can lead to lack of coordination, breathing and heart problems, and even death
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