Organization of the Body

What is anatomical position?

It is a reference position that gives meaning to directional terms used to describe the body parts and regions.

What are the abbreviations for anterior, distal, inferior, left, lateral, medial, posterior, proximal, right, and superior?

A, D, I, L, L, M, P, P, R, and S, respectively.

What are anatomical directions?

They are used to locate structures within the body.

What are directional terms?

They describe parts of the body relative to each other.

What is the X-axis in directional terms?

Left is toward the body's left side, and right is toward the body's right side.

What is the Y-axis in directional terms?

Superior is toward the top or above, and inferior is toward the bottom or below.

What is the Z-axis in directional terms?

Anterior is front, posterior is back, ventral is along the belly surface or belly, and dorsal is along the vertebral surface or back.

What is the purpose of body cavities, regions, and quadrants?

They help to identify and locate internal organs.

What are the surface regions of the body?

They are used to describe the location of injuries or rashes.

What are body systems?

They are groups of organs that work together to perform specific functions.

What is the term for the direction towards the trunk or point of attachment?

Proximal.

What is the term for the direction away from the trunk or point of attachment?

Distal.

What is the term for the direction towards the midline?

Medial.

What is the term for the direction away from the midline?

Lateral.

What is the term for the structure close to the surface of the body?

Superficial.

What is the term for the direction towards the interior of the body?

Deep.

What is the term for the direction towards an internal organ?

Visceral.

What is the term for the direction towards the wall?

Parietal.

What is the term for the inner region?

Medullary.

What is the term for the outer region?

Cortical.

What is the term for lying face upward?

Supine.

What is the term for lying face downward?

Prone.

What is the term for the direction towards the tail?

Caudad.

What is the term for the direction towards the head?

Cephalad.

What is the term for moving towards each other?

Flexion.

What is the term for moving away from each other?

Extension.

What is the term for moving away from the midline?

Abduction.

What is the term for moving towards the midline?

Adduction.

What is the term for turning inward?

Inversion.

What is the definition of abduction?

Moving away from the midline.

What is the definition of adduction?

Moving toward the midline.

What is the definition of inversion?

Toes toward the midline.

What is the definition of eversion?

Toes away from the midline.

What is the definition of internal/medial rotation?

Rotation toward the body.

What is the definition of external/lateral rotation?

Rotation away from the body.

What is the definition of pronation?

Rotation of the forearm toward the body.

What is the definition of supination?

Rotation of the forearm away from the body.

What is the definition of sagittal plane?

Runs vertically through the body and separates into right or left.

What is the definition of medial plane?

Sagittal plane that passes through the midline of the body and divides it into equal halves.

What is the definition of transverse plane?

Horizontal plane that runs parallel to the surface of the ground and divides into superior and inferior parts.

What is the definition of frontal plane?

Coronal plane that runs vertically from right to left and divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.

What is the definition of longitudinal section?

Cut along the length of an organ.

What is the definition of transverse section?

Cross section.

What is a longitudinal section?

A cut along the length of an organ.

What is a transverse section?

A cross-section cut completely through an organ.

What is an oblique section?

A cut made diagonally across the long axis.

What are body cavities?

Spaces that contain the viscera or internal organs.

What are the two principal groups of body cavities?

Dorsal and ventral cavities.

What is the cranial cavity?

The space within the skull that contains the brain.

What is the spinal cavity?

The space within the vertebral column that contains the spinal cord.

What is the thoracic cavity?

The space surrounded by the ribcage that contains the heart, trachea, and lungs.

What is the mediastinum?

The structure that divides the thoracic cavity into right and left parts and contains the heart, trachea, and esophagus.

What is the pleural cavity?

The left one-third and right one-third of the thoracic cavity that contains the lungs.

What is the abdominal cavity?

The space bounded primarily by the abdominal muscles that contains the stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys.

What is the pelvic cavity?

A small space enclosed by the pelvic bones that contains the bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs.

What organs are contained in the abdominal cavity?

Stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidney.

What is the pelvic cavity?

A small space enclosed by the bones of the pelvis that contains the urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and internal reproductive organs.

What are the nine regions of the abdomen?

Right hypochondriac region, epigastric region, left hypochondriac region, right lumbar region, umbilical region, left lumbar region, right iliac region, hypogastric region, and left iliac region.

What are the four quadrants of the abdomen?

Right-upper quadrant, left-upper quadrant, right-lower quadrant, and left-lower quadrant.

What are the surface regions of the anterior body parts?

Head (cephalic, frontal, orbital, nasal, oral, otic, buccal, mental), neck (cervical, clavicular), chest (pectoral, sternal, mammary), abdomen (abdominal, umbilical, pelvic, inguinal, pubic), and lower front of the trunk (between thighs).

What is the upper limb region called that is located under the arm?

Axillary.

What is the anatomical term for the lower front of the trunk?

Abdominal.

What is the anatomical term for the top of the foot?

Dorsum.

What is the anatomical term for the lateral region between the ribs and pelvis?

Flank.

What is the anatomical term for the back of the skull?

Occipital.

What is the anatomical term for the lateral leg?

Fibular/Peroneal.

What is the anatomical term for the point of the elbow?

Olecranon.

What is the anatomical term for the buttock?

Gluteal.

What is the anatomical term for the chest, including upper back through mid-back?

Thoracic.

What is the anatomical term for the front of the elbow?

Cubital/Antecubital.

What is the anatomical term for the lateral region between the hips and the thigh?

Coxal.

What is the anatomical term for the point of the shoulder?

Acromial.

What is the anatomical term for the back of the hand?

Dorsum.

What is the anatomical term for the perineum?

Perineal.

What is the anatomical term for the top of the head?

Cranial.

What is the anatomical term for the anterior leg?

Crural.

What is the anatomical term for the point of the knee?

Patellar.

What is the anatomical term for the sole of the foot?

Plantar.

What is the anatomical term for the wrist?

Carpal.

What is the anatomical term for the forearm?

Antebrachial.

What is the anatomical term for the thigh?

Femoral.

What is the anatomical term for the groin?

Inguinal.

What is the anatomical term for the navel?

Umbilical.

What is the anatomical term for the genital region?

Pubic.

What is the anatomical term for the palm?

Palmar.

What is the anatomical term for the fingers?

Digital.

What is the anatomical term for the ankle?

Tarsal.

What is the anatomical term for the back?

Dorsal.

What is the anatomical term for the spinal column?

Vertebral.

What is the anatomical term for the foot?

Pedal.

What is the anatomical term for the shoulder blade?

Scapular.

What is the anatomical term for the hand?

Manual.

What is the anatomical term for the back of the leg?

Sural.

What is the anatomical term for the back?

Dorsal.

What is the function of the integumentary system?

Protection, temperature regulation, sensation.

What are the organs of the skeletal system?

Bones, ligaments.

What is the function of the muscular system?

Movement, posture, heat production.

What are the organs of the nervous system?

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs.

What is the function of the endocrine system?

Control and regulation of other systems.

What are the organs of the cardiovascular system?

Heart, arteries, veins, capillaries.