ATI TEAS - A&P Part 2

Respiratory, immune, and genitourinary systems

what is the primary function of the respiratory system?

to bring o2 into the body and release co2

what are the main functions of the respiratory system?

pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, internal respiration, sound protection, smell

what is pulmonary ventilation

the movement of air into and out of the lungs

what is external respiration

gas exchange between lungs and the air

what is internal respiration?

gas exchange between bloodstream and body tissues

how does the respiratory system produce sound?

air passes through the larynx

how does the respiratory system enable smell?

air stimulates olfactory fibers in the nasal cavity

why is removing CO2 important

too much can disrupt blood pH

what is hypercapnia

excess CO2 in the blood

what structures make up the upper respiratory tract?

nasal cavity, mouth, pharynx, larynx

what is the function of the larynx?

preventing food from entering the trachea, producing sound

what structures make up the lower respiratory tract?

Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, diaphragm

what is the function of the trachea

conducts air from larynx to bronchi

how many lobes does the right lung have

3

how many lobes does the left lung have

2

what is surfactant?

a fluid that prevents lung collapse

where is surfactant produced?

in the alveoli

what is tidal volume?

norm amount of air inhaled and exhaled during breathing

what are the two respiratory zones

conducting and respiratory

what is the function of the conducting zone

move air in and out of the lungs

where does gas exchange occur

in the alveoli

what structures are in the respiratory zone?

alveoli, alveolar ducts, respiratory bronchioles

what muscle is primarily responsible for breathing?

diaphragm

what happens to the diaphragm during inhalation?

it contracts and moves downward

does hyperventilation cause low or high CO2 levels?

low

does hypoventilation cause low or high CO2 levels?

high

what is the primary function of the immune system

to defend the body against pathogens

what is a lymph?

fluid containing wbc that fight infection

how does lymph move through the body?

in one direction through muscle contractions

what is the function of lymph nodes?

filter pathogens

where are lymph nodes commonly found?

neck, armpits, groin

what is the function of tonsils

trap pathogens entering thru the mouth or throat

what does the thymus do?

produce t-cells

what does the spleen do

filters blood

what are peyers patches?

Lymph tissue in the small intestine that protects the digestive tract

how does the skin act as a immune defense

acts as a physical barrier that contains immune cells

where are wbc produced?

red bone marrow

what are granulocytes

wbc with granules that fight infection

what is the role of neutrophils?

to rapidly respond to infections

what is the role of basophils?

to signal immune responses

what is the role of eosinophils?

kill parasites and pathogens

what are agranulocytes

wbc without visible granules

what are two types of agranulocytes

lymphocytes and monocytes

what do B-cells do?

produce antibodies

what do helper t-cells do?

activate b-cells and regulate immune response

what do killer t cells do

destroy infected and cancer cells

what are memory t cells

cells that remember past infections for faster response

what is the function of monocytes

phagocytize pathogens and become macrophages

what is antigen

a foreign substance that triggers an immune

whats an antibody

a protein that neutralizes antigens

what is the innate immune system?

non specific, first line defense present at birth

what is the adaptive immune system

specific defense that develops memory after exposure

what is naturally acquired active immunity

immunity gained after infection

what is naturally acquired passive immunity

antibodies passed mother to child

what is artificially acquired active immunity

immunity gained thru vaccination

what is the primary function of the genitourinary system

removes waste from the blood and regulates fluid balance

what organs make up the urinary system

kidneys, ureter, bladders, urethra

what is the function of the kidneys

filter blood to remove waste and produce urine

what is the function of the ureters?

transport urine from kidneys to bladder

what is the function of the bladder

stores urine

what is the function of the urethra

carries urine out of the body

what kidney filters bloods

nephron

how do kidneys help regulate blood pressure

by controlling fluid volume and releasing renin

how do kidneys help regulate rbc production?

release erythropoietin