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imperialism
dominance of one country over another (establishment of an empire)
causes of imperialism
christianity - missionaries wanted spread of religion and end slavery (ironic)
industrialism - industrial revolution led to need for raw materials and markets
nationalism - their “duty” to spread their ideas and tech as a superior civilization (white man’s burden)
power/wealth - countries in a “race” to gain lands
white man’s burden
poem by Rudyard Kipling - explains the conquering of of non-whites as a white peoples duty
types of imperialism
sphere of influence (china) - outside power claims exclusive investment or trading interest rather than other gov.’s
economic - independent nation controlled by private business interest rather than gov.
colony - country/territory governed internally by a foreign power (1.settlement (jamestown), 2.dependent (india))
protectorate - country/territory with own internal gov. but under foreign control (philippines, cuba)
henry morton stanley
wrote a book ab expedition into Africa in search of missing missionary David Livingstone
berlin conference 1884-1885
europeans set rules for colonizing africa to avoid conflict
fashoda crisis 1898
french and british armies met at fashoda to claim power (france backs down to ally)
boers
dutch farmers (netherlands) in Africa
cecil rhodes
controlled diamond production and organized Rhodesia colony in North Africa
boer war (south african war) 1899
boers wouldn’t let the british mine so rhodes overthrew the gov. of transvaal (dutch colony) → GB won and created union of south africa
king leopold II (belgium)
set up colony in congo (technically economic imperialism)
result of congo colony
ruthless and harsh punishment for congolese and use of slave labor for harvesting rubber → millions die
african resistance leaders
abdelkader and muhammad ahmed
abdelkader
led resistance against france in algeria & argued islam to united algerians
muhammad ahmed (“al-mahdi”)
resisted ottoman/egyptian rule and english influence in sudan (the al-mahdi rebellion)
the toure led …
ashanti, igbo, senegal
shaka led …
zulu and resisted boers in south africa
menelik II
rules ethiopia
battle of adwa
ethiopia successfully resists italian rule
indirect rule
put africans in charge of local rule but the final say went to colonial officers
positives of imperialism in africa
medicine, infrastructure, new crops and farming methods
negatives of imperialism in africa
nonsensical boundaries, inequality, harsh suppression, dependence on european economy
menaing of “the sun never sets on the british empire”
britain was the most powerful nation → they were in control of so many countries around the world that it would always be day in the empire
british empire by mid-1800s
most industrialized nation, largest navy, largest exports, “world’s banker”
who challenged british control
germany and US
india was initially ruled by …
mughal dynasty before europe
british east india company
economic imperialism → ruled mostly without british gov. and india was the crown jewel of the empire
sepoys
natives fighting in the army of their parent country (ie. army in india)
sepoy mutiny 1857
violent backlash against british rule and cultural insensitivity (rebellion divided into 2 goals = hindu vs. muslim)
result of sepoy mutiny
unsuccessful, but led to the creation of raj
indian resistance movements against the british
idian national congress and muslim league
manchu rule in china 1644-1911
qing dynasty: isolated bc they did not want to trade with europe
enclaves
created by china as designated trading areas
how did europe figure out how to trade with china
opium (highly addictive → people would come back for more)
opium war 1839
british vs. china (britain won)
result of 1st opium war
extraterritorial rights: diplomatic immunity for GB citizens
five ports in china
heavy reparations from china
GB gains control of Hong Kong
2nd opium war 1857-1860
europe and japan carve china into territories (spheres of influence)
taiping rebellion 1850-1864
left millions dead and further weakened the qing
open door policy 1899
US is allowed free trade everywhere in china
boxer rebellion 1900
led by “the brotherhood of righteous harmonious fists” → rebellion against foreign influence in china
gov. form in tokugawa, japan
isolationist led by shogun
matthew perry 1853
forced japan into trade with US → leads to the overthrowing of tokugawa regime and the meiji era
japan - rapid modernization
the emergence of japan as a world power
japanese imperialism
takes korea and taiwan from china
defeats russia in russo-japanese war
spanish-american war
cause: USS Maine blows up near cuba (spanish colony) → result: US wins and takes control of cuba, philippines, etc.
yellow journalism
media exaggerates stories to sell newspapers
teddy roosevelt
US president → expands American power
panama canal
built by roosevelt - connects pacific and atlantic
roosevelt corollary
states US is the police force of the americas and will handle all problems in the western hemisphere
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