Microbiology 1st Exam

the specialized area of biology that deals with organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye?

microbiology

the major groups of microorganisms?

bacteria

archaea

fungi (yeasts & molds)

protozoa

viruses

prions

helminths

not technically a microorganism, because multicellular form is visible to the naked eye?

helminths

acellular microorganisms?

prions

viruses

cellular microorganisms?

eukaryotes

bacteria/archaea

bacterial & archaeal cells are about 10x smaller than?

eukaryotic cells

lack organelles?

bacterial & archaeal cells

bacterial and archaeal cells are all?

microorganisms

contain organelles?

eukaryotic cells

small, double-membrane-bound structures that perform specific functions?

organelles

examples of organelles?

nucleus

mitochondria

chloroplasts

SOME eukaryotic cells are?

microorganisms

examples of microorganisms?

fungi

protozoa

helminths

MANY eukaryotic cells are?

not microorganisms (animals & plants)

composed of a small amount of hereditary material (DNA and/or RNA) wrapped up in a protein covering that is sometimes enveloped by a protein-containing lipid membrane?

viruses

viruses are simpler than a?

cell

small proteins folded in intricate ways which sometimes behave like microorganisms and are transmitted from one human to another?

prions

prions are even simpler than a?

virus

have shaped the development of the earths habitat for billions of years?

microbes

appeared on this planet about 3.8 billion years ago?

single-celled organisms

cell types arose from a single (extinct) common?

ancestor

single-celled, no true nucleus?

bacteria

single-celled, no true nucleus, distinct from bacteria?

archaea

“true nucleus”; many are single-celled, but some are multicellular?

eukaryotes

encompasses bacteria and archaea “pre-nucleus”?

prokaryotes

“no nucleus” (alternate term used for prokaryotes)?

akaryotes

the accumulation of changes that occur in organisms as they adapt to their environments?

theory of evolution

documented everyday in all corners of the planet; testable by science?

theory of evolution

theories have undergone years and years of testing and have not been?

disproved

theories represent well-studied and well-established?

natural phenomena

theories are not just a?

random guess

a scientific theory differs from a scientific fact or scientific law in that a theory explains?

why or how

a simple, basic observation?

fact

a statement (often a mathematical equation) about a relationship between facts and/or other laws?

law

where are microbes found?

deep in earth’s crust

polar ice caps & oceans

inside bodies of plants & animals

earth’s landscape

essential to life?

microbes

highly involved in the flow of energy and food through the earth’s ecosystem?

microbes

produced photosynthesis?

oxygen

70% of our oxygen comes from ______ _______ (specific bacteria and algae [protozoa], mostly in the ocean)?

photosynthetic microorganisms

breakdown of dead matter/waste?

decomposition

decomposition is largely accomplished by?

bacteria & fungi

drive structure and content of soil, water, and atmosphere?

microbes

live in complex, often symbiotic associations with plants and animals?

microbes

ancient human use of microorganisms?

production of foods: bread, wine, beer, cheese

treatment of wounds and infection

decontaminating human waste

modern human uses of microorganisms?

biotechnology

recombinant DNA technology

bioremediation

manipulation of microorganisms to make products in an industrial setting?

biotechnology

examples of biotechnology?

insulin

vaccines

manipulates the genetics of microbes, plants, and animals to create new products and genetically modified organisms (GMO’s)?

recombinant DNA technology

introduction of microbes into the environment to restore stability or to clean up toxic pollutants?

bioremediation

the vast majority of microorganisms that associate with humans are?

harmless or beneficial

any agent such as a virus, bacterium, fungus, protozoan, or helminth that causes disease?

pathogen

nearly ______ different microbes can cause disease?

2,000

pathogen term?

infectious disease

certain diseases once considered noninfectious are now found to be caused by?

microbes

infectious disease: caused by Helicobacter pylori?

gastric ulcers

infectious disease: link between certain cancers?

liver cancer & hepatis viruses

cervical cancer & human papillomaviruses

coxsackievirus has been associated with?

diabetes & schizophrenia

multiple sclerosis, OCD, coronary artery disease, and obesity are linked to?

chronic microbial infections

infertility, pregnancy, and birth complications are linked to?

microbial infection

credited with first identifying microorganisms, or “little animals” using his newly developed microscope?

1677 - Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

debunked “spontaneous generation” and showed instead that fermentation and contamination was due to the presence of microorganisms. Essentially proved the germ theory of disease and launched field of modern microbiology?

1857 - Louis Pasteur

proposed a set of criteria known as “Koch’s Postulates” for determining pathogenic cause for a disease?

1890 - Robert Koch

Koch’s Postulate: pathogen found in?

diseased individual

Koch’s Postulate: pathogen can be ______ from diseased individual?

isolated

Koch’s Postulate: isolated pathogen can induce disease in?

previously healthy individuals

Koch’s Postulate: same pathogen can be ______ from the experimentally infected individual?

re-isolated

invented PCR (polymerase chain reaction) - a way to make lots of identical copies of DNA?

1980’s - Kary Mullis

the importance of (small) RNA. It had been previously thought that DNAs purpose was to make RNA, that turned into protein. However, less than 2% of human DNA codes for protein - much of it codes for small RNA molecules that organize almost everything?

2000’s

invented CRISPR technology. The CRISPR system is found in bacteria and archaea, and the invention is how to use it for gene editing/purposeful mutation?

2013 - Jennifer Doudna & Emmanuelle Charpentier

a possible explanation to account for what has been observed or measured?

scientific method

scientific method?

formulate question

background research

construct hypothesis

test hypothesis experimentally

analyze data/reject or accept hypothesis

communicate results

assembled from smaller molecular subunits or building blocks; often very large compounds?

macromolecules

what are the 4 main families of biochemicals?

carbohydrates

lipids

proteins

nucleic acids

biologically relevant macromolecules?

biochemicals

a sugar?

saccharide

named with the suffix -ose?

monosaccharides & disaccharides

composed of 6 carbons?

hexose

composed of 5 carbons?

pentose

long chains of sugars?

polysaccharides

contribute to structural support and protection; serve as nutrient and energy stores?

polysaccharides

example of polysaccharides?

cellulose in plants & algae

peptidoglycan in bacteria

long or complex hydrocarbon chains that are hydrophobic?

lipid

storage lipids (fats/oils)?

triglycerides

composed of a single molecule of glycerol bound to three fatty acids?

triglycerides

contain only two fatty acids attached to a glycerol?

phospholipids

have a hydrophilic region & a hydrophobic region?

phospholipids

phospholipids allow the molecule to form _____ and _____?

bilayers and membranes

ringed compounds commonly found in cell membranes and animal hormones?

steroidse

examples of steroids?

cholesterol

ergosterol

long-chain alcohol linked to a fatty acid?

waxes

predominant organic macromolecule in cells?

proteins

what do proteins determine in organisms?

structure

behavior

unique qualities

building block of proteins; exist is 20+ different forms?

amino acids

small number of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds?

peptide

larger number (more than 20 amino acids)?

polypeptide

one or more polypeptides with a specific role/function?

protein

protein function is determined by?

protein structure

protein structure is determined by the sequence of amino acids that make up the?

polypeptide chain

the sequence of amino acids is determined by the?

gene for that protein

protein structure is described in what four levels?

primary

secondary

tertiary

quaternary