Chapter 3- Prokaryotes

all bacteria cells have

cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, cytoskeleton, chromosomes

pleomorphism

prokaryotes that shape shift

what does a flagella do

allows bactera to move around

monotrichous flagella

single flagella on one side

lophotrichous flagella

many flagella on one side

amphitrichous flagella

one flagella on both sides

peritrichous flagella

flagella everywhere

why do bacteria move

move in response to chemotaxis

what is special about prokaryotes

no nucleus

why do bacteria move- human reasons

avoid danger

get nutrients

find/fight other bacteria

what is chemotaxis

movement to/from danger

endoflagella

flagella inside the prokaryote

fimbriae

act like fingers, used for attachment

pili

used for attachment and genetic exchange during conjugation

Glycocalyx

composed of polysaccharides

varies in thickness

attachment to surfaces and used for adhesion

cell envelope

cell membrane and/or cell wall

cell wall functions

cell protection

determines shape

prevents cell lysis

what is the biggest cell covering

glycocalyx

other names for glycocalyx

smile layer(thin)

capsule (medium)

biofilm (thick)

what does glycocalyx mean

sugar covering

how can you tell if a colony has a capsule?

bacteria globs together= it has a capsule

clear spot in middle = capsule

visible by negative staining

cell envolope

coverings surrounding cells

cell wall

determines shape of bacterium

what is peptidoglycan wall

wall of proteins and sugar

slow and thick

gram positive

what holds up gram positive cell walls

teichoic acid

Gram negative cell walls

thin peptidogylcan

faster and thinner

have lipopolysaccharides

naturally resistant to antibiotics

lipopolysaccharides

most potent endotoxin in nature

other bacteria dont want to eat it

Both cell walls have

peptidoglycan

Gram Positive bacteria

have thick peptidoglycan cell walls containing teichoic acid

Gram-negative bacteria

have a thin peptidoglycan layer and no
teichoic acid

Acid-Fast Bacteria

Contain mycolic acid

what does the cytoplasmic membrane contain

lipid bilayer with proteins

site for reactions

enzymes that convert food to atp

what shape is bacterias DNA

circular and segmented (nucleoid)

what does linear dna mean

came from higher organism

prokaryotic ribosomes

smaller in bacteria

what are inclusions or granules

food storage

endospores

survival of bacteria

cause tetanus to keep you still

sporulation

induced by harsh environmental conditions

NOT for reproduction

Archaea

type of prokaryotes

found in extreme enviroments

Internal structures - Nucleoid

site of essential genes

Internal structures- plasmids

site of nonessential genes

Internal structures- ribosomes

protein synthesis

Internal structures- cytoskeleton

cell division

cell shape