Print("vocab unit 4")

Primogeniture laws

Give all of each estate to the eldest son

Omani-European rivalry

A trade rivalry between the Omani (Middle East) and the European traders

Cartography

mapmaking

Astronomical chart

Map of the stars and galaxies

Maritime empires

Empires based on sea travel

Mercantilism

To set policies designed to sell as much as possible and to buy as few as possible

Trading post empire

Empire based on small outposts, rather than control of large territories

Manila

Spanish commercial center in the Filipinos, that attracted Chinese merchants and others

Prince Henry the navigator

First European monarch to sponsor seafaring expeditions, to search for an all-water route to the east as well for African gold.

Galleons

Trading ships

Christopher Columbus

Discover of the new world

Bartholomew Diaz

Sailed around the southern tip of Africa, the Cape Of Hope, and they went back home

Vasco Da Gama

Sailed farther east than Diaz, finally arriving in India and claiming territory as part of Portugal's empire.

Ferdinand Magellan

Leader of the first voyage to circumnavigate the globe

Northwest passage

Route through or around North America that would lead to East Asia

Jacques Cartier

French explorer in search of a northwest passage, failed but claimed part of what is now Canada for France

Samuel de Champlain

Person who realized that there was no need to go beyond to Asia because the Americas had valuable goods and rich resources

John Cabot

English explorer in search of a northwest passage, failed but claimed lands from Newfoundland south to the Chesapeake Bay

Henry Hudson

Dutch explorer in search of a northwest passage, failed but made the Dutch claim of what now we know as New York City as New Amsterdam

Quebec

French town and trading post in the Americas

New France

The French colony in America

Jamestown

English settlement

New Amsterdam

Dutch community settled in what now we know as New York City

Disease smallpox

Disease brought by conquistadors

Conquistadores

Spanish soldiers

Maize, cacao

Food took from Mesoamerica back to Europe by Europeans

Okra, rice

Food brought by Africans to the Americas

Sugarcane

Food that was planted in the Portuguese-American empire because of the tropical climate of the zone

Creole

Combination of Europeans colonizers languages with part of West African languages

Gumbo

Popular dish in the southern United States with African cooking roots

Columbian exchange

interactions between eastern and western hemispheres

Transatlantic slave trade

the purchase, transportation, and sale of enslaved people from Africa to America by Europeans

Engenhos

Engines in Portuguese, Sugar plantation that processed lots of sugar

Cash crops

Crops growth for sale rather than for consumption

African diaspora

Dispersion of Africans out of Africa

Asante Empire, Kingdom of the Kongo

African states which growth was supported by maritime trading networks

Ming Dynasty

Chinese dynasty that tried to limit outside influence on China by restricting trade

New Spain

Spanish colony established on the Aztec territory after they were overthrown

Mexico City

Spanish capital built after Tenochtitlan was destroyed

Francisco Pizarro

Leader of the crew who attacked the Inca and captured their leader

Atahualpa

Inca leader captured by Francisco Pizarro and his crew

Treaty of Tordesillas

Division of the Americas for Spain and Portugal

Hispaniola

Name gave by Columbus to an island now occupied by Haiti and the Dominican Republic

Colonies

claimed lands settled by immigrants from the home country

Indenture servitude

arrangements through which servants contracted to work for a specific period of time in exchange for passage

Chattel slavery

System in which slaves are considered property

Encomienda

System established by the Spanish to gain access to gold and other resources in the Americas

Encomenderos

Spanish Landowners

Coercive labor system

System in which encomenderos compelled indigenous people to work for them in exchange for food and shelter

Hacienda system

System that arose when landowners developed agriculture on their lands

Mit'a system

System in which young men were required to devote a certain amount of labor to public works projects

Middle passage

Grueling journey across the Atlantic

Capital

Material wealth available to produce more wealth

Commercial revolution

the transformation to a trade-based economy using gold and silver

Price revolution

The high rate of inflation, or general rise in prices

Join-stick companies

companies owned by investors who bought stock or shares in them

Limited liability

The principle that an investor was not responsible for a company's debts or other liabilities beyond the amount of an investment

East India company

British joint-stock company

Dutch east india company

Dutch joint-stock company

Triangular trade

Complex Atlantic trading system; Europeans manufactured goods -> West Africa, Enslaved Africans -> Americas, Sugar and tobacco -> Europe

Monopolies

Controlled trade of a specific good or service

Syncretism

fusion of religious belief and practices

Polygyny

A man can have multiple wives

Santeria

"way of the saints"

Vodun

"spirit" or "deity"

Candomble

"dance to honor the gods"

Virgin of Guadalupe

Dark-complexioned Virgin who was revered by a Mexican cult for her ability to perform miracles

Viceroys

People appointed to act as administrators and representatives of the Spanish crown

Audiencias

royal courts

Dahomey, Oyo

African societies that conducted slave raids (most important ones)

Ndongo

Region in south-central Africa (present day Angola) which was ruled by Nzinga

Mtamba

State took over by Nzinga and her people after Nzinga stopped being an ally of Portugal

Steppe

Areas in which skilled peasants fighters lived

Maratha Empire

Empire which was created by The Maratha that ended the Mughal rule in India

Mirs

Russian Village communes

Ana Nzinga

Ruler who became a ruler of Ndongo and took over the state of Matamba

Yemelyan Pugachev

Cossack that began a peasant rebellion against Catherine The Great

Queen Nanny

Woman who escaped slavery and united all the maroons of the island. Considered a national hero for Jamaicans

James II

Catholic King of England that had anti-protestant measures

William of Orange

James II's nephew and son-in-law, Became king after James II fled to France

Mary II

William of Orange's wife

Mohegan and Pequot

Native American groups that sided with the English in the Metacom's war

Metacom's war

Conflict which was the final effort of the indigenous people to drive the British from New England

Pugachev Rebellion

Rebellion started by Yemelyan Pugachev because of the power that Catherine the Great gave to the nobility over the land

Pueblo Revolt

Revolt against the Spanish by the Pueblo and Apache because of the colonizers who tried to force religious conversions

Maroons wars

Wars in which Enslaved people in the Caribbean and former Spanish territories in the Americas fought to get freedom

Gloucester county Rebellion

First recorded slave revolt

Glorious Revolution

Bloodless revolution, The invasion of William of Orange and his group over England to take the crown

Mehmed II

Sultan which invaded the Jew to stay in Istanbul

Akbar the great

Famous tolerant Mughal Ruler, Remembered for his military success and his administrative achievements

Roxelana

Suleiman's wife

Quing dynasty

Chinese dynasty overthrown by the Manchu

Manchu

People from Manchuria

Li Chengdong

Han Chinese general who orchestrated three separate massacres in the city on Jiangyin within one month

Liu Liangzuo

Han Chinese defector who massacred the entire population of Jiangying

Louis XIV

French king who tried to keep the power from the common people and the nobility

Ivan IV

"The terrible", Confiscated the land of his boyar opponents and forced them to live in Moscow with their families after his forces defeated Novgorod

Timar

System in which the sultan granted land or tax revenues to those he favored

Harem

Residence where a powerful man's wives and concubines lived

Boyar

The noble landowning class of Russia