CHAPTER 4 GENETICS, EVOLUTION, DEVELOPMENT, AND PLASTICITY

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30 Terms

1

Mendelian Genetics

The principles of heredity formulated by Gregor Mendel, demonstrating how traits are inherited through genes.

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2

Gene

Units of heredity that maintain their identity from one generation to the next and are segments of DNA.

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3

Chromosomes

Strands of genes that contain genetic information inherited from parents.

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4

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

A double-stranded chemical that makes up chromosomes and carries genetic instructions.

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5

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

A single-stranded chemical that serves as a template for protein synthesis.

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6

Enzymes

Biological catalysts that regulate chemical reactions in the body.

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7

Homozygous

Having an identical pair of genes for a particular trait.

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8

Heterozygous

Having an unmatched pair of genes for a particular trait.

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9

Dominant Gene

A gene that shows its effects in both homozygous and heterozygous conditions.

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10

Recessive Gene

A gene that only shows its effects in homozygous conditions.

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11

Heritability

The extent to which variation in a characteristic can be attributed to genetic differences.

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12

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A genetic disorder that results in a failure to metabolize phenylalanine, requiring environmental intervention to manage.

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13

Evolution

Change in gene frequencies within a population over generations.

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14

Natural Selection

The process through which traits that enhance survival and reproduction become more common in a population.

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15

Neural Darwinism

The principle that synapses form randomly, followed by a selection process that retains some and eliminates others.

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16

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death that occurs when a neuron does not make the right synaptic connection.

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17

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

A condition arising from alcohol consumption during pregnancy, leading to developmental issues in the fetus.

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18

Dendritic Branching

The growth of neural connections resulting from environmental enrichment and experience.

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19

Phantom Limb

The sensation that an amputated body part is still present, linked to reorganization in the somatosensory cortex.

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20

Denervation Supersensitivity

Increased responsiveness of remaining synapses following the inactivity of a certain set of synapses.

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21

Alleles

Different versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable traits.

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22

Genotype

The genetic makeup of an individual, represented by the alleles they possess.

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23

Phenotype

The observable traits or characteristics of an individual, influenced by their genotype.

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24

Punnett Square

A diagram used to predict the genetic outcomes of a cross between two organisms.

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25

Genetic Drift

Random changes in allele frequencies in a population, often occurring in small populations.

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26

Mitosis

The process of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells, maintaining the same chromosome number.

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27

Meiosis

The process of cell division that produces gametes, resulting in half the chromosome number of the parent cell.

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28

Codominance

A genetic scenario where both alleles in a heterozygote are fully expressed.

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29

Incomplete Dominance

A genetic scenario where the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the two homozygotes.

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30

Chromatid

One of two identical halves of a replicated chromosome.

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