chapter 10

anaphase

stage of mitosis during which sister chromatids are separated from each other

binary fission

prokaryotic cell division

cell cycle

ordered series of events involving cell growth and cell division that produces two new daughter cells

cell plate

formation of cell walls by Golgi bodies during plant cell cytokinesis

cell-cycle checkpoint

mechanism that monitors the preparedness of eukaryotic cell to advance through the various cell-cycle stages

centriole

rod-like structure constructed of microtubules at the center of each animal centrosome

centromere

region at which sister chromatids are bound together; constricted area in condensed chromosomes

chromatid

single DNA molecule of two strands of duplicated DNA and associated proteins held together at the centromere

chiasmata

location where crossing over occurs

cleavage furrow

constriction formed by an actin ring during cytokinesis in animal cells that lead to cytoplasmic division

condensin

proteins that help sister chromatids coil during prophase

cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm following mitosis that forms two daughter cells

diploid

cell, nucleus or organism containing two sets of chromosomes (2n)

G0 phase

stage in which a cell that is not preparing to divide enters

G1 phase

first phase of interphase centered on cell growth

G2

third phase of interphase in which the cell undergoes final preparations for mitosis

gamete

haploid reproductive cell or sex cell

gene

physical and functional sequence of DNA that codes for a protein

genome

total genetic information of a cell organism

haploid

cell, nucleus, or organism containing one set of chromosomes (n)

histone

highly conserved, small proteins found in the chromatin of eukaryotic cells; combines with DNA to form nucleosomes

homologous chromosomes

chromosomes of the same size with genes in the same location

interphase

first part of the cell cycle that includes G0, G1, S and G2 phases

karyokinesis

mitotic nuclear division (mitosis)

kinetochore

protein structure that binds to spindle microtubules during prometaphase

locus

position of a gene on a chromosome

metaphase

stage of mitosis in which chromosomes line up at the center (metaphase plate)

metaphase plate

midway plane between the two poles of a cell where chromosome align during metaphase

mitosis

process in which duplicated chromosomes are separated into identical nuclei

mitotic phase

stage of cell cycle in which duplicated chromosomes are divided into two nuclei

mitotic spindle

structure composed of microtubules that guides the movement of chromosomes during mitosis

nucleosome

subunit of chromatin compost of a short length of DNA wrapped around a histone protein

oncogene

mutated version of a normal gene involved in the positive regulation of the cell cycle

origin

region of the prokaryotic chromosome where replication begins

prometaphase

stage of mitosis in which the nuclear membrane breakdown and the mitotic spindles attach to kinetochores

prophase

stage of mitosis in which chromosomes condense and the mitotic spindle fibers begin to form

quiescent

refers to cell that is performing normal cell functions but not preparing for cell division

S phase

second stage of interphase during with DNA replication occurs (synthesis phase)

telophase

stage in mitosis in which chromosomes arrive at opposite poles of the cell, decondense and a new nuclear envelop forms