Sp_Exam_2_Key_Slides

Steroid hormones

Hormones that diffuse through the lipid bilayer of cell membranes and bind to intracellular receptors.

Hypophyseal Portal System

A system of blood vessels that delivers hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.

Downregulation

The process of decreasing the total number of receptor sites, leading to reduced responsiveness.

Upregulation

The gradual increase in the number of receptor sites.

Negative feedback

A process whereby a system is regulated to return to a set point after a deviation.

Thyrotropes

Cells in the anterior pituitary that release Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) in response to TRH.

TRH

Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone, that stimulates TSH release from thyrotropes.

T3

Triiodothyronine, a thyroid hormone regulated by TSH.

Goiter

An abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland, often caused by iodine deficiency.

Growth Hormone (GH)

A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that promotes growth and has anti-insulin effects.

Cortisol

The primary glucocorticoid hormone released from the adrenal cortex in response to stress.

ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)

A hormone that increases water reabsorption in the kidneys, affecting blood osmolarity.

Diabetes insipidus

A disorder resulting from insufficient ADH, leading to excessive urination.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that regulates calcium levels in the blood.

Melatonin

A hormone that regulates the sleep-wake cycle and is secreted by the pineal gland.

Insulin

A hormone produced by the pancreas that lowers blood glucose levels by facilitating glucose uptake.

Glucagon

A hormone produced by the pancreas that raises blood glucose levels.

Type 1 Diabetes

A form of diabetes caused by absolute insulin deficiency.

Type 2 Diabetes

A form of diabetes characterized by insulin resistance.

Atheriosclerosis

A disease causing stiff and narrowed arteries due to the deposition of fats and cholesterol.

Myocardial infarction

A condition caused by the sudden blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle.

Cardiac output (CO)

The amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute.

Systolic pressure

The pressure in the arteries during the contraction of the heart muscle.

Diastolic pressure

The pressure in the arteries when the heart muscle is resting.

Hemostasis

The process that prevents and stops bleeding, consisting of primary and secondary hemostasis.

Fibrinogen

A soluble plasma protein that is converted into fibrin during blood clotting.

Plasminogen

A precursor of plasmin that gets activated to dissolve fibrin clots.

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

A recording of the electrical activity of the heart.

Cardiac cycle

The sequence of events in one heartbeat, including contraction and relaxation phases.

Coronary circulation

The flow of blood to and from the tissues of the heart.

End-diastolic volume

The volume of blood in a ventricle at the end of filling, prior to contraction.

Frank-Starling Law

The principle that the stroke volume of the heart increases in response to an increase in the volume of blood filling the heart.

Hypertension

A condition characterized by consistently high blood pressure.

Cardiac muscle action potential

An electrical impulse that stimulates heart muscle contraction.

Ventricular fibrillation

A life-threatening heart rhythm leading to cardiac arrest.

Platelets

Small cell fragments that play a critical role in blood clotting.

Erythropoietin

A hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production.

Blood types

Classification of blood based on the presence of antigens on the surface of red blood cells.

Anemia

A condition where there is a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin.

Thrombocytopenia

A condition characterized by low platelet counts.

Vasodilation

The widening of blood vessels to decrease blood pressure.

Vasoconstriction

The narrowing of blood vessels to increase blood pressure.

Tachycardia

An abnormally rapid heart rate.

Bradycardia

An abnormally slow heart rate.

Angina

Chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle.

Diastolic heart failure

A condition where the heart cannot fill properly during diastole.

Systolic heart failure

A condition where the heart cannot contract effectively during systole.

Aorta

The largest artery in the body, carrying blood away from the heart.

Superior vena cava

A large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the heart.

Inferior vena cava

A large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the heart.

What are the effects of Thyroid Hormones

Increase metabolic rate, increase heat production, fight or flight, enhance heart responsiveness, increase growth and development

___hormones are transported by cell membrane carriers

Thyroid

Hypophyseal portal system connects ____ to ___ via capillary beds and veins

hypothalamus, pituitary gland

Process of Hormone Regulation

hypothalamus release hormones, anterior pituitary gland produce pituitary hormone, target gland releases hormones effecting effector response

What are effects of Cortisol?

Increase plasma proteins, catabolism, muscle breakdown, Blood glucose, SNS response

What does cortisol surpress?

immune and inflammatory systems

What are aldosterones?

produced by the adrenal glands that regulates Na and K balance, helping to control blood pressure.

What are androgens?

Sex hormones

What is Diabetes Mellitus?

Increase urine osmolarity, frequent urination, elevated blood glucose levels

What are red blood cels known as and what's their function?

Erythrocytes, buffer blood pH composed of hemoglobin

What are platelets and their function?

Formed by megakaryocytes and essential for blood coagulation

what happens in primary hemostasis?

vasoconstriction and platelet plug formation

What happens in secondary hemostasis?

Formation of a fibrin clot through intrinsic and extrinsic pathways