CHAPTER 2: SIGMUND FREUD - PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY

What were the years of Sigmund Freud’s life?

A. 1856 - 1939

B. 1865 - 1901

C. 1864 - 1939

D. 1875 - 1929

A. 1856 - 1939

What caused his death?

Oral Cancer/Suicide (Overdose of Morphine)

What theory proposed that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality?

Psychoanalytic Theory

The patient is asked to relax and say whatever comes to mind, no matter how embarrassing/trivial – seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions. This is an example of ____.

Free Association

What is the altered state of consciousness?

Hypnosis

According to Freud, it is a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories.

Unconscious

Freud compared the human psyche to a/an ____.

Iceberg

Life:___ is to Death:____

Eros-Thanatos

Represents “rules” of society

Superego

Strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives

Id

It causes guilt and anxiety because it is in constant conflict with each other

Id and Superego

Satisfy the id’s desire in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather pain.

Ego

__ takes precedence over Thanatos.

Eros

Ego’s methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

Ego Defense Mechanism

A defense mechanism in which one refuses to acknowledge anxiety provoking stimuli

Denial

It is the motivational principle to explain the driving forces behind people’s actions.

Drives

These are capable of producing sexual pleasure.

Erogenous Zones

Its purpose is to return the organism to an inorganic state and explain the need for the barriers that people erected to avoid this (e.g. commandments such as love thy neighbor as thyself)

Aggression

It is an ego-preserving mechanism because it signals to us that some danger is at hand. Only the id can produce and feel ____.

Anxiety

It is a type of anxiety that apprehends an unknown danger and is characterized by ego’s dependence on Id.

Neurotic Anxiety

It is a type of anxiety that is characterized by unpleasant, nonspecific feelings involving a possible danger.

Realistic Anxiety

It is a type of anxiety that is characterized by a conflict between ego and superego and may be experienced as an outgrowth of the conflict between realistic needs and the dictates of the superego.

Moral Anxiety

Normal and universally used, but when carried to an extreme they lead to compulsive, repetitive, and neurotic behavior.

Ego Defense Mechanism

Most basic defense mechanism; forces a threatening feelings (undesirable id impulses) into the unconscious.

Repression

A defense mechanism that helps both the individual and the social group; Expressed most obviously in creative cultural accomplishments such as arts, music, and literature.

Sublimation

Adopting a disguise that is directly opposite its original form.

Reaction Formation

People incorporate the positive qualities of another person into their own ego.

Introjection

Redirect their unacceptable urges onto a variety of people or objects so that the original impulse is disguised or concealed.

Displacement

When an internal impulse provokes too much anxiety, the ego may reduce that anxiety by attributing the unwanted impulse to an external object, usually another person; seeing in others unacceptable feelings or tendencies that actually reside in one’s own unconscious.

Projection

A mental disorder characterized by powerful delusions of jealousy and persecution; extreme type of projection.

Paranoia

It is universal; when the prospect of taking the next step becomes too anxiety provoking, the ego may resort to the strategy of remaining in the present, a more comfortable psychological stage.

Fixation

A type of fixation; obsession with neatness and orderliness.

Anal Fixation

Continually derive pleasure from eating, smoking or talking.

Oral Fixation

Freud’s psychoanalysis rests on which two cornerstones?

Sex and aggression

Freud’s lifelong optimism and self-confidence may have stemmed from ______.

A. Being his mother’s favorite child

B. His father’s outstanding business success

C. The death of his younger brother

D. The presence of much older half-brothers

A. Being his mother’s favorite child

Freud’s free association technique evolved from _____.

A. Charcot’s hypnotic technique

B. His use of cocaine

C. Breuer’s cathartic method

D. The periodicity theory of Wilhelm Filess

C. Breuer’s cathartic method

A. Seduction

Freud abandoned his _____ theory in 1897, the year after his father died.

A. Seduction

B. Oedipal

C. Dream

D. Childhood sexuality

E. Anal

After World War I, Freud made which revision to his theory of personality?

A. He placed greater emphasis on the aggression instinct

B. He identified the three levels of mental life

C. He rejected repression as an ego defense mechanism

D. He rejected the notion of a female Oedipus complex

A. He placed greater emphasis on the aggression instinct

Freud claimed that an important function of repression is to

A. Protect a person against the pain of anxiety

B. Convert superego functions into ego functions

C. Protect a person against public disgrace

D. Convert id functions into ego functions

E. Convert ego functions into id functions

A. Protect a person against the pain of anxiety

Which of these progressions is most consistent with psychoanalytic theory?

A. Anxiety leads to repression, which leads to suppression of sexual feelings, which lead to reaction formation.

B. Punishment of a child’s sexual behavior leads to repression which leads to anxiety, which leads to suppression of sexual activity.

C. Punishment of a child’s sexual behavior leads to suppression of sexual behavior, which leads to anxiety, which leads to repression

D. Anxiety leads to suppression of sexual feelings, which leads to repression, which leads to punishment of sexual behaviors.

C. Punishment of a child’s sexual behavior leads to suppression of sexual behavior, which leads to anxiety, which leads to repression

Freud’s notion of phylogenetic endowment refers to

A. Anatomical differences between the sexes that lead to psychological differences

B. The physical structure of the brain where the unconscious is located

C. Our ancestor’s experiences that we inherit and that form part of our unconscious

D. The social rules we learn from our parents that form the superego.

C. Our ancestor’s experiences that we inherit and that form part of our unconscious

According to Freud, ideas that slip in and out of awareness with greater or lesser degrees of ease are

A. Unconscious

B. Preconscious

C. Conscious

D. Repressed

E. Censored

B. Preconscious

The id is primarily involved in which of the following activities, according to Freud?

A. Solving problems in geometry

B. Contemplating the meaning of life

C. Thumb-sucking behavior

D. Guilt feelings

C. Thumb-sucking behavior

According to Freud, the ego is

A. Conscious only

B. Preconscious only

C. Unconscious only

D. Conscious, preconscious, and unconscious

E. Conscious and preconscious only

D. Conscious, preconscious, and unconscious

In psychoanalytic theory, unacceptable drives and impulses are repressed by the

A. Id

B. Aggressive drive

C. Superego

D. Ego at the urging of the superego

E. Ego-ideal

D. Ego at the urging of the superego

The superego said Freud,

A. Is rational

B. Strives for perfection

C. Is the executive branch of personality

D. Strives for pleasure

E. Does all of the above

B. Strives for perfection

According to Freud, a guilt-ridden, timid person is most likely dominated by

A. The superego

B. The ego

C. The id

D. The Oedipus Complex

A. The superego

According to Freud, a psychologically healthy person has dominant

A. Id

B. Ego

C. Superego

D. Conscience

B. Ego

Freud believed that instincts are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT

A. Depth

B. Impetus

C. Source

D. Aim

E. Object

A. Depth

Freud contended that the object of the sexual instinct is

A. The region of the body in a state of tension

B. The person or thing that is capable of bringing about sexual pleasure

C. The amount of force that sexual pleasure exerts on a person

D. To seek pleasure by removing a state of sexual tension

E. To seek pleasure by building up a state of sexual tension

B. The person or thing that is capable of bringing about sexual pleasure

A young man gets sexual gratification by kissing and caressing women’s shoes. What statement best describes this situation?

A. The sexual object has been displaced

B. The sexual aim has been changed

C. The path of the sexual instinct is inflexible

D. The sexual instinct is permanently inhibited.

A. The sexual object has been displaced

According to Freud, a teenager preoccupied with self and personal appearance is exhibiting

A. Primary narcissism

B. Secondary narcissism

C. Aim-inhibited love

D. Moral masochism

B. Secondary narcissism

Freud called the nonsexual love a child has for a sibling

A. Primary narcissism

B. Secondary narcissism

C. Aim-inhibited love

D. Masochism

C. Aim-inhibited love

Freud called an expression both sexual and the aggressive instinct

A. Narcissism

B. Love

C. Superego

D. Masochism

D. Masochism

Freud regarded precepts such as “Love thy neighbor as thyself” as

A. Reaction formations

B. Worthless relics from an ancient religion

C. Expressions of the erotic drive

D. Expressions of neurotic anxiety

A. Reaction formations

What would have been John B. Watson’s biggest objection to the theories of Sigmund Freud and the psychodynamic school of thought?

A. The unconscious is not the same in every human being, and so it is not a stable concept that can be explored scientifically.

B. Freud’s theories do not acknowledge that there is any influence of our environment upon our psychological development.

C. Freud’s theories, and the psychodynamic approach that followed, were far too conservative and limited by the Victorian times in which he lived.

D. Freud’s main concept, the unconscious, was an internal process that could not be observed, measured, or validated.

D. Freud’s main concept, the unconscious, was an internal process that could not be observed, measured, or validated.

The apprehension one feels while in the presence of a teacher is what Freud called ______ anxiety.

A. Neurotic

B. Psychotic

C. Realistic

D. Moral E. None of these

A. Neurotic

The use of Freudian defense mechanisms requires an

A. Expenditure of psychic energy

B. Extremely strong superego

C. Immediate return to primary narcissism

D. Exposure of the superego to prolonged anxiety

A. Expenditure of psychic energy

A mother who has deep-seated hostility toward her only child but who shows overprotection and hyper-concern for the physical well-being of her child illustrates which Freudian defense mechanism?

A. Identification

B. Displacement

C. Projection

D. Reaction formation

E. Sublimation

Reaction formation

Madison is frequently berated by his domineering employer. Madison is too timid to confront his employer, but he takes out his frustration by mistreating his dog, children, and wife. According to Freud, this is an example of

Displacement

Budoy protects himself against the threat of change by constantly clinging to objects and behaviors left from her early childhood. Thus appears that Budoy is relying primarily on what Freudian defense mechanism?

Fixation

Intoy, an 18-month-old child, resorts to taking his baby sister’s bottle even though he has previously been weaned. This behavior illustrates which Freudian defense mechanism?

Regression

Seeing deficiencies in others that one unconsciously feels within oneself is an example of which Freudian defense mechanism?

Projection

When carried to extremes, which Freudian defense mechanism can become paranoid behavior?

Projection

An example of Freud’s notion of projection might be

A. Things will be better tomorrow

B. The only reason I failed is that I had a headache

C. I like him fine, but for some reason he hates me

D. I didn’t really want that job anyway.

C. I like him fine, but for some reason he hates me

An example of Freud’s notion of reaction formation might be

A. Things will be better tomorrow

B. The only reason I failed is that I had a headache

C. I like him fine, but for some reason he hates me

D. I didn’t really want that job anyway.

D. I didn’t really want that job anyway.

Tasho greatly admires his geometry teacher and tries to copy his mannerisms and lifestyle. This is an example of

Introjection

Which of the following distinguishes sublimation from the other defense mechanism?

A. Sublimation is directly related to the superego

B. Sublimation is always destructive

C. Sublimation is constructive to society

D. Sublimation involves the Oedipus complex

C. Sublimation is constructive to society

Freud’s oral-sadistic stage is characterized by

A. Early attempts at toilet training

B. Ambivalent feelings toward the mother

C. The emergence of teeth

D. Rivalry toward younger sibling

C. The emergence of teeth

The principle source of frustration during Freud’s anal phase is

A. Weaning

B. Learning to dress one’s self

C. Toilet training

D. Suppression of masturbation

C. Toilet training

Freud hypothesized that a permissive, accepting attitude of parents during toilet training is likely to lead to which behaviors as the child grows to adulthood.

A. Generosity and benevolence

B. Stubbornness, compulsiveness, and miserliness

C. Masochism and sadism

D. Sexual dysfunction and aggression

A. Generosity and benevolence

The classical Freudian anal character possess all of the following traits except for the?

A. Orderliness

B. Passivity

C. Obstinacy

D. Stinginess

B. Passivity

Freud believed that boys and girls have different psychosexual development because of

A. Cultural influences

B. Parental attitudes

C. Fantasies that originate soon after birth

D. Anatomical differences between the genders

D. Anatomical differences between the genders

According to Freud, a boy who feels strong hostility toward his father and sexual love for his mother is experiencing

A. Moral masochism

B. The simple male Oedipus complex

C. The complete Oedipus complex

D. The castration complex

E. Penis envy

B. The simple male Oedipus complex

Freud held that castration anxiety

A. Results in penis envy

B. Dissolves the Male Oedipus complex

C. Dissolves the Female Oedipus complex

D. Triggers penis envy, which then dissolves the female Oedipus complex

B. Dissolves the Male Oedipus complex

According to Freud, normally, in post-Oedipal identification with his father, a boy

A. Accepts homosexual feelings toward his father

B. Rejects the hated and feared father

C. Wants to be his father

D. Identifies with his father’s morals and ideas

D. Identifies with his father’s morals and ideas

Freud said that in girls, the castration complex

A. Shatters the Oedipus complex

B. Takes the form of penis envy

C. Precedes the Oedipus complex

D. B and C

D. B and C

According to Freud, girls wish to be a boy or to have a baby

A. Indicates feminine identification

B. Results from a mature superego

C. Is an expression of penis envy

D. Is called the complete Oedipus complex

C. Is an expression of penis envy

Freud believed that a little girl’s Oedipal wish for a baby is a substitute for the

A. Father

B. Nipple

C. Feces

D. Mother

E. Phallus

E. Phallus

After the female Oedipus complex is resolved, Freud claimed that it is replaced by

A. The sadistic-anal phase

B. Rationalizations

C. The superego

D. The wish to be a boy

C. The superego

Oral, anal, and phallic phases are in what period of development?

Infantile

A phase in the first 2-3 years of the infantile period characterized by the retention of feces and willful defecation and toilet training should be a developmental milestone.

Anal Phase

A phase in the first 0-18 months of the infantile period characterized as the most crucial for personality formation.

Oral Phase

A phase in the first 2-6 years of the infantile period characterized as the exploration and manipulation of the genital area.

Phallic Phase

A phase in the infantile period of development when the primary object of libido is the mother or caregiver.

Oral Phase

A person who has an oral fixation tends to have an oral incorporative behavior. This person would be likely to have what type of personality?

Oral Passivity/Oral Receptive Personality

A person who has an oral fixation tends to have oral aggressive behavior. This person would be likely to have what type of personality?

Oral Aggressive/ Oral Sadistic Personality

The unconscious desire of a boy for his mother is accompanied by a desire to replace or destroy his father.

Oedipus/Oedipal Complex

Separation of the child from the mother, with the help of the father; establishes their own identity which may result in promiscuity, seductivity, or masculinity.

Separation Individuation

A fixation that occurs in the phallic stage is most likely to result in strong narcissism and difficulty in establishing mature heterosexual relationships. What do you call this type of personality?

Phallic Personality

Unconscious desire of a girl for her father accompanied by a desire to replace or destroy her mother.

Electra Complex

A person who tends to defy attempts at regulation and is overgenerous. This person has what type of personality?

Anal Expulsive/Aggressive Personality

A person who has problems with discipline and is perfectionist, orderly, and stingy. This person has what type of personality?

Anal Retentive Personality

The transition between breastfeeding and spoon feeding is called ___.

Weaning/Wean

Phallic stage occurs at what age?

2-6 years

This stage is characterized as the time for social interaction.

Latency Stage

The anal stage is at what age?

2-3 years

Sexual reawakening

Genital Stage

The oral stage is at what age?

0-18 months

Sex instinct is dormant, sublimated in school activities, sports and hobbies, and in developing friendships with members of the same sex

Latency Stage