APUSH Period 4 - IDs

Early Jeffersonian America

• Growing animosity between political parties

• Jefferson kept Hamilton’s National Bank and debt repayment plan

• Jefferson mostly continued neutrality stance with regard to foreign affairs

• Jefferson did enact some D-R reforms: lower taxes, end of excise tax on whiskey, end of Alien and Sedition Acts, smaller scope and less spending in federal Government (reduces size of army and navy)

• With the election of TJ in 1800, start of domination of the White House by Demoratic-Republicans (3 Virginian D-Rs in a row from 1800 to 1824!)

• By 1816, Federalist Party will dissolve, D-Rs will adopt many of their positions, and national unity would be strengthened

• Tip: Be able to talk about Jefferson’s decisions that don’t fall in line with the D-R ideology, some of his decisions do fall within Federalist ideals

Barbary Pirates (1801-05)

Groups of pirates that existed out of Northern Africa attacking/looting/threatening American ships unless they get paid; Washington and Adams pay the pirates, but Jefferson sends the Navy to fight the pirates, the pirates back down and agree to stop demanding tribute and attack our ships

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Purchase of the Louisiana Territory that was once owned by Spain but sold to France. A group of small Spanish businesses decide to block American access to the Port of New Orleans (Violation of Pinckney’s Treaty!) so Jefferson sends some Americans over to France to buy the City of New Orleans for $10M, Napoleon counteroffers $15M for New Orleans and the entire Louisiana territory ($15M to double the size of America, yes please!). America buys the Louisiana Territory for $15M. (Counterintuitive to Jefferson’s belief because there’s nothing in the Constitution to make a purchase; acting like a Federalist!) F: 😞 DR: 😀… Federalists oppose the purchase of the Louisiana territory namely because the inhabitants there will vote for the Democratic-Republicans

Election of 1804

Jefferson wins the Presidential election in a landslide but victory is stained from the Burr-Hamilton Duel (Burr runs for Governor of NY as a Federalist and hopes to secede NY from the Union, squashed by Hamilton who wrote an essay to disprove of Burr)

Napoleonic Wars (Britain vs. France)

France was trying to control all of Europe, Napoleon can’t capture Britain; Britain and France blockaded each other

Burr-Hamilton Duel (1804)

Hamilton is killed by Burr (shot in the stomach), Burr was charged with murder but charges went away

Judiciary Act of 1801

Created 16 new openings for federal judges, led to Marbury v. Madison of 1803

Midnight judges

Federalist judges who were appointed at the very last moments of Adams’ authority (before Adam’s presidency struck “midnight,” hence the term)

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Caused as a result of the Judiciary Act of 1801 between Secretary of State James Madison and William Marbury; Marbury wanted his appointment commissioned but Madison didn’t deliver the appointments. The case went to the Supreme Court; Marbury ended up not getting the commission because the Judiciary Act was declared unconstitutional even though Marbury did have a right to his commission under the Judiciary Act (This case creates judicial review)

Judicial review

Actions of the legislative/executive branch are subject to interpretation on whether or not their actions are constitutional, increased the power of the federal Supreme Court (Supreme Court has the power to review federal laws and strike them down as unconstitutional)

John Marshall

Fourth chief justice of the Supreme Court, oversaw several important court cases, helped to expand federal and judicial power (Judicial review)

Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

Involves a piece of land in Georgia (Yazoo Strip), a fight breaks out about land involving a Georgia law about land ownership, Marshall strikes down the Georgia law as unconstitutional (Expands judicial review)

McCullough v. Maryland (1819)

Case that argued whether or not a state had the power to tax a federal bank; Marshall argued that a state cannot tax a federal bank and national law trumps state law whenever the two contradict (Supremacy Clause) and the Necessary and Proper Clause (Elastic Clause), declares the Maryland tax unconstitutional (Makes the national bank more powerful)

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Involves boats that run ferries between New York and New Jersey, one has a federal license, one has a state license, they hate each other, then sue each other; Marshall declares that the federal license trumps state license (Federal government has the power to regulate interstate trade), ship with the state license loses (During the time of the Marshall Court, the power of the federal government grew because of these key decisions.)

Quids

A group of Democratic-Republicans led by John Randolfe who don’t like Thomas Jefferson

Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton

Hated each other, got in a duel, Burr kills Hamilton (Burr-Hamilton Duel of 1804)

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

Scuffle between an American and British ship, the British ship attacks the American ship first, British seize the American ship and kill some American troops

Embargo of 1807

Shuts down American foreign trade for the entire world, backfires and hurts the American economy, especially the New England territory, doesn’t damage the British economy much at all

USS Chesapeake

An American ship that got seized by the British, sailors impressed (forced recruitment), some were killed - this was one of the ships affected by the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

Non-Intercourse Act

Lifts Embargo of 1807 except for the embargo to Britain and France. Enacted as a result of the Embargo of 1807.

Macon’s Bill No. 2

Changes the Non-Intercourse Act - offers Britain and France:
If one of you stops seizing/attacking our ships, we’ll trade with you and embargo the other. France takes up on the opportunity (they still seize American ships and impress the sailors on them). Came as a result of the Non-Intercourse Act.

Causes of the War of 1812

• Impressment of American sailors

• British violation of US Waters

• Canada

• British incitement of natives in the west (Battle of Tippecanoe of 1811)

• Rise of the War Hawks
  (It wasn’t one cause that was enough to start the War of 1812, rather many of these causes plus the motivation of the War Hawks that started this war.)

American issues prior to the War of 1812

• Reduced military (1,000 British vessels vs. American’s 17!), lots of opposition to the war, especially New England who wanted to trade with Britain as well as America’s financial issues to the point where they won’t leave state lines

• Regional disagreements

• “Mr. Madison’s War” - Derogatory term for the War of 1812, saying Madison caused the war and he was the problem.

War of 1812

Major battle between America and Britain, happened as a result of Macon’s Bill No. 2

War of 1812: Stage 1

Invasion of Canada - America invades Canada but Britain pushes America back to their borders and instills a naval blockade of the East Coast

War of 1812: Stage 2

Fighting on the Great Lakes - Mostly naval battles

Important battle to remember:

• Battle of Put-In-Bay of 1813

Battle of Put-In-Bay (1813)

Battle over a tiny island in Lake Erie, America wins, America’s shipbuilding capabilities are improved and can be built much quicker

War of 1812: Stage 3

The West

Important battle to remember:

• Battle of the Thames of 1813

Battle of the Thames (1813)

Battle between America and Britain (+ Shawnee indians!) Britain and the Shawnee tribe fight to keep control of Western territory but William Henry Harrison is there, leads to greater American control of the West, the Shawnee is there fighting with the British, Tecumseh gets killed, huge blow to Native Americans (lots of tribes affected), a lot of Natives bail out

War of 1812: Stage 4

British invasion of Washington, DC

• British burns the White House and several governmental buildings, all is destroyed except for the George Washington painting (The First Lady of James Madison took this painting and ran out of the White House!)

• Attack on Fort McHenry

• Francis Scott Key

Attack on Fort McHenry

Britain attacks this fort for several days, America refuses to surrender and holds their ground, this fort remains under American control despite being attacked for so long

Francis Scott Key

Lawyer who witnessed the attack on Fort McHenry, writes a poem that later becomes America’s national anthem (Star Spangled Banner)

Opposition to the War of 1812

New England merchants, Quids, Federalists

Significance of the War of 1812

• Huge surge of nationalism (“second war for independence”?)

• Growth of domestic industry

• American System by Henry Clay

William Henry Harrison

An American military general that led the army for the Battle of Tippecanoe and the Battle of the Thames

Tecumseh

One of the important Shawnee leaders (The other being Tenskwatawa - or Prophet), is eventually killed in the Battle of the Thames

Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)

Came before the War of 1812 in modern-day Indiana, a group of Native Americans backed by the British (Shawnee tribe), the Shawnee tries to create a confederacy of Native Americans,  Madison calls in William Henry Harrison and his army to squash the rebellion, the Americans win.

“War Hawks”

A group of Democratic-Republicans who were eager for war with Britain in order to defend national honor, often young and feisty

John Calhoun

Prominent War Hawk, vice president to Andrew Jackson; he and his brothers and sisters opposed the Tariff of 1828 (this tariff raised duties/taxes on imports by 35-45%) to the point where they called the tariff the “Tariff of Abominations,” a member of the Great Triumvirate alongside Henry Clay and Daniel Webster

Henry Clay

Proposed the American System, a prominent War Hawk, negotiated the Treaty of Ghent along with John Quincy Adams, negotiated the Missouri Compromise, a member of the Great Triumvirate alongside Daniel Webster and John Calhoun

Daniel Webster

Leader of the Whig Party, served as Secretary of State for three different presidents, a persuasive speaker, and a member of the Great Triumvirate alongside Henry Clay and John Calhoun

Hartford Convention

A meeting held by the Federalists that said they would secede from the Union over the disagreement of the War Hawks, proposed new constitutional amendments:

• End ⅗ Compromise (stop counting enslaved people altogether, reduces D-R representation in Congress

• Require ⅔ majority of both houses to declare war

• End tax on exports

• Prohibition of embargoes lasting more than 60 days

• One-term presidency

• No successive presidents from the same state (A lot of presidents were from the same state, Virginia)
  
  This convention led to the demise of the Federalist Party

Market Economy

A form of economy defined by private property, competition, profit motive, and voluntary exchange

Fulton’s Clermont

A steamboat built by Robert Fulton, increased maritime trading efficiency as this allowed boats to not only travel downstream but also travel back upstream

The Erie Canal

Canal that linked western farms to eastern manufacturing and created the occasion for a flurry of canal building throughout the states

New business model for factories and finance

Commercial farming, use of wage labor replaces free slave labor

New technologies in transportation

National Road, Erie Canal, steamboat, railroad

New technologies in communication

Telegraph

Modern banking and investment

Emergence of new financial institutions that changed the global economy, and the establishment of central and national banks, joint-stock companies, and credit/lending; all stimulated the growth of the economy as well as the ability to finance large-scale products such as rail and roadways and infrastructure. Investment into stocks and the practice of investment banking provided opportunities for people to invest in businesses and played a role in shaping a growing capitalistic economy

New way to view work

Wage labor replaces slave labor

National Road/Cumberland Road

A 1,000 mile paved road that connected Maryland to Illinois

Telegraph

A device that made instantaneous communication possible using Morse Code

Lowell Mills

Mills that employed women to work (Lowell, MA), the people there are often called the “Mill Girls”

Western migration

Happened as a result of improved transportation, increased numbers of Americans crossed the Appalachian mountain range, often brought slaves with them and established the institution of slavery there

Squatters

Western migrants who set up farms on unoccupied land without a clear legal title

Cyrus McCormick

Irish-American inventor, developed the reaper and the harvesting machine that made farming much more efficient

Andrew Jackson and the Battle of New Orleans

Battle between Britains and Americans (Andrew Jackson is the general!), Americans win, Jackson is deemed a hero, and the War has already technically ended (Jackson was also called the Old Hickory because he was “tough as a hickory stick,” walked with a bullet in him for life), eventually becomes a future US President

Treaty of Ghent (Dec. 1814)

Ended the war between the US and Britain but didn’t take into account regards for Canada; negotiated by John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay that creates the “Status quo antebellum” (Standard before the war)

Nationalism

Loyalty and devotion to one nation

American System

Proposed by Henry Clay in order to attempt to establish a reliable source of credit to raise funds and to improve infrastructure transportation systems as well as to unify the national economy, several policies:
1. Federally-funded (infrastructure) internal improvements like roads and canals, benefitting merchants and farmers
2. Federal tariffs to protect US manufacturers
3. Second Bank of the United States to maintain the economy with a national currency (1816)
4. Tariff of 1816 (to keep wartime industry going)
5. National Improvements Bill (vetoed by Madison)

Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817)

Demilitarize the Canadian Border (both American and Britain have to do this)

Treaty of 1818

Deals with the Oregon Territory, Britain and US will share the Oregon Territory (for now)

Era of Good Feelings

• Election of James Monroe in 1816

• Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

• Panic of 1819

Adams-Onis Treaty

Gets the US Florida from Spain

Panic of 1819

First American economic recession as a result of tightening up their lending policies in order to control inflation causing state banks to close and unemployment to rise, a decrease in demand for exported American goods like cotton, bankruptcies occurred, and people going to prison for being unable to pay their debts; the West was especially affected by this event, some historians say that this marked the end of the Era of Good Feelings

Missouri Compromise/Compromise of 1820

Proposed by Henry Clay:
1. Missouri would be a slave state but Maine would be added as a free state to maintain the balance of power in the Senate
2. Established the 36°30’ line as the boundary line for slave and free states: any territories above this line would be entered as a free state (Except Missouri); any territories below this line would be entered as a slave state (Missouri Compromise Line, This only applies to the Louisiana Purchase Territory - will be important for Period 5!)

Tallmadge Amendment

Proposed by James Tallmadge that would abolish slavery in Missouri after 25 years, bans importation of slavery into Missouri, and the next generation born to enslaved people are free (Gradual emancipation), Southerners didn’t like this, and this amendment failed to pass the Senate after passing the House

Monroe Doctrine

Policy that said that America will handle business in the West, challenged European authority in the Americas (US controls the Western Hemisphere):

• US will stay out of European affairs

• No more European interference in western hemisphere

• Any attempts will be seen as an act of aggression

Corrupt Bargain

Result of a DR election of four candidates (John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, William Crawford, and Andrew Jackson). Jackson and Adams were the strongest candidates. Jackson won the popular vote but no one won the majority of the Electoral College. When that happens, the House of Representatives elect the President. Clay throws support behind Adams to get him elected President (Jackson was furious) and then selects Clay as the Secretary of State

Agricultural technologies

Cotton gin, spinning machine, harvesting machine, reaper

Reasons for growth of cities

Result of the expansion of industry and trade as well as improved transportation and communication; population boomed

Free labor ideology

Idea that slavery should be abolished

Self-made man

Idea that a man could rise to wealth or higher social status from humble origins (self-discipline, hard work, temperate habits)

New middle class

Consisted of people like businessmen, shopkeepers, journalists, doctors, and lawyers; developed its own kind of society with its own norms such as education, temperance, and religious affiliation

Changes in women’s domestic tasks

Most women tended to household tasks, though some worked in mills

Legal status of women

Women maintained autonomy so long as they weren’t married, though still enjoyed rights regardless of marital status

“The Frugal Housewife”

A book that aimed to prepare women for the ups and downs of the Market Revolution; written by Lydia Maria Child, an anti-slavery and women’s rights advocate

Family wage

Idea that the male head of the household should command a certain salary to support his wife and children

Rise in immigration

Rise in European immigration to escape famine, persecution, or failed revolutions, or to find new territories to settle

Rise of African Americans in market economy

African Americans experienced a significant shift in their economic status and opportunities. During this period, many African Americans, both free and enslaved, actively participated in various economic activities such as agriculture, skilled labor, and entrepreneurship. This economic empowerment allowed them to gain some degree of financial independence and social mobility, challenging the prevailing stereotypes and contributing to the overall growth of the market economy.

Second Great Awakening

Second resurgence of religious beliefs, but this time it’s romanticist beliefs, not philosophical beliefs

Nativism

Belief that native-born Americans are superior to foreigners

Manifest destiny

Idea that America had a divinely appointed mission to occupy all of North America

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)

A Supreme Court Case regarding corporate charters, Marshall declared that corporate charters issued by state legislatures are contracts by which future lawmakers cannot alter/rescind

Commonwealth v. Hunt

A Supreme Court Case in which Massachusetts Supreme Court justice Lemuel Shaw declared that there was nothing illegal in workers organizing a union or strike

Transcendentalists

A group of people who emphasized individual thinking/judgement over existing social traditions/institutions

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints

Only new religious tradition founded in 19th century America (also called Mormons)

The Northeast

- Urban and industrial growth
- Influx of immigrants, mostly from Ireland and Germany (war, famine, persecution, failed revolutions, or just finding new territories to settle)
- Industry is king

The Northwest

- No slavery (Remember: Northwest Ordinances of 1787 from the AOC!)
- More German immigrants
- More agriculture
- NW becomes intertwined with NE

How the North was intrinsically connected to the South

- Raw materials from South → factories in North
- Banks in North lend money to plantation owners in South
- Northern ships carry products from Southern plantations
- Difficult for abolitionists to make gains

The South

Growth of slavery:
- 1790, most enslaved people lived on Chesapeake tobacco plantations and Carolina indigo and rice plantations
- 1830, hundreds of thousands of enslaved people labored on cotton plantations in lower Mississippi Valley, Georgia, and Florida
- 1860, centers of slavery existed in lower Mississippi valley and arc of fertile cotton land
They will eventually become isolated from the rest of the US, this will eventually lead to the Civil War.

“Cotton Kingdom” / “Cotton Belt”

- Invention of cotton gin and Louisiana Purchase increased cotton production
- Farmers in South moved west when land wore out
- No industrial growth in South; Southern economy dependent on cotton
- Increased demand for slave labor, 1.5m by 1820 despite outlawing slave trade

Justifications of slavery

- Jefferson’s beliefs “necessary evil”
- Calhoun’s beliefs, “positive good”
- Arguments in support of slavery (economic benefits, benefit for both white and enslaved, reliance on the 5th amendment to argue for slavery)

Southern society

- Rightly defined social hierarchy
  1. “Planter elite” class - only about 300 families owned more than 100 enslaved people (enslaved people, free black people, poor white people, middle-class white people, “planter elite”)
  2. Most white Southerners owned no enslaved people but it was ingrained into the Southern economy, society, and culture (yeoman farmers)
3. The South was isolated from the US

Southern Society

- Treatment of enslaved people
- Enslaved people held on to humanity

Slave Revolts

- Haitian Revolution (1791)
- Gabriel’s Revolution (1800)
- Denmark Vasey’s Revolution (1822)
- Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831)

Social Outcry Against Slavery

- Abolitionist arguments
- Congressional response
- Abolitionist VIPs
  1. William Lloyd Garrison
  2. Frederick Douglass
  3. Harriet Tubman
  4. Harriet Beecher Stowe

“Peculiar Institution”

Euphemism for slavery itself, white southerners use this term to convey the idea that it’s not as bad as it sounds

Rise of cotton

Happened as a result of the cotton gin and the purchase of the Louisiana Territory

2nd middle passage

The name for the breaking up of African-American families and communities as the institution of slavery moves westward due to the production of cotton and slave trade