Health Science 2nd Semester Review

human papilloma virus

A very common viral sexually transmitted infection (HPV)

Cheyne-Stokes

Periods of difficult breathing (dyspnea) followed by periods of no respirations (apnea)

orthopnea

ability to breathe only in an upright position

cyanosis

bluish discoloration of the skin due to lack or decreased oxygen in the blood

Kussmaul respirations

Deep, rapid breathing; usually the result of an accumulation of certain acids when insulin is not available in the body.

pneumothorax

air in the pleural cavity caused by a puncture of the lung or chest wall (collapsed lung)

pleurisy

an inflammation of the pleura that produces sharp chest pain with each breath

bronchitis

inflammation of the bronchial tubes

tachypnea

Increased breathing rate (fast breathing)

arterial blood gases (ABG)

a test performed on arterial blood to determine levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other gases present

spirometry

a measurement of breathing (or lung volumes)

pulse oximetry

An assessment tool that measures oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in the capillary beds.

Plethysmographic lung volume

test to measure how much air you can hold in your lungs, also called called pulmonary or body plethysmography. It helps doctors assess the condition of people with lung disease,

Growth Hormone (GH)

regulates the growth of the body from the anterior pituitary gland

erythropoietin

A hormone produced and released by the kidney that stimulates the production of red blood cells by the bone marrow.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Hormone produced by the neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus that stimulates water reabsorption from kidney tubule cells into the blood and vasoconstriction of arterioles.

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)

Stimulates adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids (cortisol)

Addison's disease

a condition that occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol or aldosterone with fatigue, nausea, darkening of the skin, and dizziness upon standing.

Cretinism

condition of congenital hypothyroidism in children that results in a lack of mental development and dwarfed physical stature; the thyroid gland is either congenitally absent or imperfectly developed

Graves' disease

an autoimmune disorder that is caused by hyperthyroidism and is characterized by goiter and/or exophthalmos (bulging of the eye)

myxedema

caused by extreme deficiency of thyroid secretion; also known as adult hypothyroidism

diabetes mellitus (DM)

a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both

Functions of the respiratory system

gas exchange, regulation of blood pH, and voice production,

bronchi

two short branches located at the lower end of the trachea that carry air into the lungs.

bronchioles

Airways in the lungs that lead from the bronchi to the alveoli.

lungs

two spongy organs, located in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage, responsible for respiration

diaphragm

a dome-shaped, muscular partition separating the thorax from the abdomen in mammals. It plays a major role in breathing, as its contraction increases the volume of the thorax and so inflates the lungs.

mediastinum

space between the lungs

endocrine system function

Secretes hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and metabolism by body cells

exocrine gland

gland that releases its secretions through tubelike structures called ducts

islets of langerhans

areas of pancreatic cells that produce insulin and glucagon

pituitary gland

The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.

thyroid gland

produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth and surrounds the trachea in the neck

parathyroid gland

any one of four endocrine glands situated above or within the thyroid gland and produces parathyroid hormone

thymus gland

lymphoid organ in the mediastinum that conditions T cells to react to foreign cells and aids in the immune response and produces thymosin

adrenal glands

a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.

gonads

sex glands (ovaries and testes)

pancreas

Regulates the level of sugar in the blood by producing insulin and glucagon

pineal gland

located in the brain and produces melatonin

AB-

Can receive from AB-, A-, B-, O-)

AB+

universal recipient & Can receive from AB+, AB-, A+, A-, B+, B-, O+, O-

O+

Most common blood type & Can receive from O+ and O-

O-

Universal donor & Can receive from only O-

MMR

vaccine to protect against mumps, measles and rubella

HiB

vaccine haemophilus influenza B vaccine, prevents meningitis in children

Hep B

vaccine that prevents inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), which is transmitted sexually or by exposure to contaminated blood or body fluids

DTaP

vaccine for diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis

lymphocytes

A type of white blood cell that make antibodies to fight off infections

monocytes

An agranular leukocyte that is able to migrate into tissues and transform into a macrophage.

neutrophil

granulocytic leukocyte formed in bone marrow

hemoglobin

iron-containing protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen for delivery to cells

Erythrocytes

red blood cells

reticulocytes

immature red blood cells, in the bone marrow

thrombocytes

blood platelets, responsible for blood clotting

leukemia

cancer of white blood cells

lymphedema

swelling due to an abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissues

sickle cell anemia

a genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape

T-lymphocytes

form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances

appendix

A small, fingerlike extension of the vertebrate cecum; contains a mass of white blood cells that contribute to immunity.

colon

reabsorb fluids and process waste products from the body and prepare for its elimination, also called large intestine

gallbladder

A muscular sac attached to the liver that secretes bile and stores it until needed for digestion

small intestine

The part of the digestive system in which most chemical digestion takes place, includes the duodenum, jejunum, ileum

protein

macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair

carbohydrates

Starches and sugars present in foods that are broken down to glucose to provide energy.

fats

Nutrients that promote normal growth, give you energy, and keep your skin healthy, also called lipids

Cardiovascular system function

Pumps blood around body; transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste

Digestive system function

Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and removes waste

Structure of Cardiovascular system

heart, blood, blood vessels (arteries, capillaries, veins)

Structure of Digestive System

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

digestive process

the breakdown of foods into absorbable components using mechanical and chemical means

lymphatic system functions

defends against infection and disease, returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream

structure of lymphatic system

lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus gland, tonsils

bilirubin

an orange-yellow pigment formed in the liver by the breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted in bile.

diffusion

the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

cholecystitis

inflammation of the gallbladder; usually associated with gallstones

peristalsis

the process of wave-like muscle contractions of the alimentary tract that moves food along

celiac disease

an inherited autoimmune disorder characterized by a severe reaction to foods containing gluten

Hepatitis

inflammation of the liver

diverticulitis

inflammation of a diverticulum which is an abnormal side pocket in the gastrointestinal tract

pancreatitis

inflammation of the pancreas that regulates levels of blood glucose

hernia

Protrusion of an organ through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it

ulcer

open sore or lesion in the skin or mucous membrane

cirrhosis

scarring of the liver

micturition

act of passing urine

catheterization

insertion of a tube through the urethra and into the urinary bladder for the purpose of withdrawing urine or inserting dye

diuresis

increased output of urine

hemodialysis

dialysis of the blood to remove toxic substances or metabolic wastes from the bloodstream

urinalysis

the examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements

nephron

functional unit of the kidney

renal pelvis

funnel-shaped reservoir that collects the urine and passes it to the ureter

ureter

tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder

urethra

tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

anuria

absence of urine

dysuria

painful or difficult urination

hematuria

presence of blood in the urine

polyuria

frequent urination

pyuria

presence of pus in the urine

pyogenes

pus producing

polyphasia

excessive hunger

urinary system functions

excretes waste products from the blood, controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced, stores urine prior to voluntary elimination, regulates blood ion concentrations and pH