PARASITOLOGY (PIONEER AND LEMAR) FINISHEDD

Leishman's stain

for bone marrow samples and blood flagellates (stain)

Definitive

harbors the adult or sexual of a parasite

Intermediate

harbors the larval or asexual stage of a parasite

Paratenic (transport)

harbors a parasite that does not develop but remains alive and is infective to the next host

Reservoir

allows the parasite's life cycle to continue and serves as a source of human infection

Obligate

depends entirely upon its host for existence

Facultative

capable of parasitic and free living existence

Transitory

larval stage is passed in a host while the adult is free living

Permanent

completes its life cycle in only 1 host (entire life)

Periodic

requires 2 or more hosts for the larval and adult stages

Zoonotic

Primarily infects animals and may be acquired by man

Yes

is zoonotic parasite causes infection?

Accidental

occurs in an unusual host

Erratic

occurs in an unusual organ or habitat

Spurious or coprozoic

passes through the intestinal tract without causing any disturbance

no

Does spurious parasite causes infection?

Endoparasite

lives inside the body of a host

Infection

invasion of endoparasite is called?

Ectoparasite

lives on body surfaces

Infestation

invasion ectoparasite is called?

Intermittent

visits the host only during feeding time

Symbiosis

living together of phylogenetically different organisms

Mutualism

beneficial to both organisms

Commensalism

beneficial to one organism, neutral to the other

Parasitism

beneficial to one organism, harmful to the other

Pig

reservoir of balantidium coli (b.coli)

Large fish

paratenic host of Diphyllobothrium latum (D. latum)

Snake

Bird

paratenic host of Gnathostoma spinigerum

Man

accidental intermediate host of Echinococcus spp.

Snail

intermediate host of trematodes

Cat

definitive host of toxoplasma gondii

Female anopheles

definitive host of plasmodium spp.

Man

intermediate host of plasmodium spp.

Strongyloides stercoralis

Free living amoebae

give example of facultative parasite

Strongyloides stercoralis (indirect cycle)

give example of transitory parasite

Hymenolepis nana (H. nana) - direct cycle

give example of permanent parasite

Balantidium coli (B.coli)

Dirofilaria immitis (D. immitis)

Agents of larval migrans

give example of zoonotic parasite

Ascaris lumbricoides

give example of erratic parasite

Echinococcus spp.

Agents of larval migrans

give example of accidental parasite

Fasciola hepatica (F. hepatica) eggs

example of spurious or coprozoic parasite

Eating undercooked or raw liver (non-infective)

Ingesting metacercaria (infective)

where do you get the infective and non infective stages of Fasciola hepatica

BLOOD SUCKING ARTHROPODS:

Bed bug

Mosquito

Flea

Tick

Biting fly

give examples of intermittent parasite

Head louse

Pediculus humanus capitis

Body louse

Pediculus humanus humanyus

Crab louse

Phthirus pubis

Itch mite

Sarcoptes scabiei

Biologic vector

transmits a parsite only after the latter has completed part of its development

Mechanical/phoretic vector

not essential in the parasite's life cycle and is responsible only for transporting the parasite

Plasmodium spp.

Wuchereria bancrofti

Brugia malayi

parasite transported by mosquitoes

Leishmania spp.

Trypanosoma brucei

Other filariae

parasite transported by biting flies

Trypanosoma cruzi

parasite transported by kissing bugs

Babesia spp

parasite transported by ticks (ixodes spp)

A. lumbricoides

other enteric parasite (intestinal)

parasite transported by cockroaches, house flies

Giardia lamblia (gay bowel syndrome)

Entamoeba histolytica

Cryptosporidium parvum

Dientamoeba fragilis

Enterobius vermicularis

parasite MOT via oral anal intercourse

Hookworms, Strongyloides stercoralis (FILARIFORM)

Schistosoma spp. (CERCARIA)

parasite MOT via larval skin penetration

Plasmodium spp.

Filariae

Leishmania spp.

Trypanosoma spp.

Babesia spp.

parasite MOT via skin inoculation (vector borne)

Toxoplasma gondii

Trypanosoma cruzi

Plasmodium spp.

parasite MOT via transplacental (mother to fetus)

Strongyloides stercoralis (RL -->FL)

Capillaria philippinensis (Atypical, thin wall oocysts)

Taenia solium (cystercosis: hexacanth embryo)

parasite causes autoinfection (internal)

Enterobius vermicularis (E. vermicularis)

Hymenolepis nana (H.nana)

parasite causes autoinfection (external)

Genus

represets taxon to which the species belongs

Specific epithet

trivial name that distinguishes the species within the genus

Blastocystis spp.

stramenophiles

ticks, mites, chiggers

under class arachnida

Flea, beetles

Intermediate host of hymenolepis spp, dipylidium spp.

7 days

CLEARANCE PERIOD:

Antacids

Antidiarrheals

Barium

Bismuth

Laxatives

2-3 weeks

CLEARANCE PERIOD:

Antimicrobial agents

3 weeks

CLEARANCE PERIOD:

Gallbladder dyes

Routine O and P: 2-5g (FORMED)

~5-6 tbsp (LIQUID)

sufficient quantity of stool

Urine (toxic to protozoans)

Water (Dilute)

Soil (foreign parasite)

avoid contamination with ?

3 specimens on separate days within 10 days

number of specimens examined (stool)

30 minutes

Liquid specimens (time)

1 hour

Soft/semi-formed specimens (time)

up to 24 hours

formed specimens (time)

refrigerate

Beyond one hour, the stool must be --?

2 vials

(1) 10% formalin

(2) polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)

longer periods of preservation

1 stool : 3 fixative

stool to preservative ratio

egg counting techniques (drier the stool, higher the count)

consistency determines sensitivity of ---?

10% formalin (wet mount, concentration technique, immunoassay)

cannot be used in permanent smear

all-purpose fixative

merthiolate-iodine-formalin (wet mount, concentration technique)

cannot be used permanent smear and immunoassay

fix and stain

sodium acetate acetic acid formalin (can be used to all)

can be used for permanent stains

schaudinn's fluid

polyvinyl alcohol

can only be used in permanent smears

mercuric chloride

schaudinn's fluid contains --?

modified PVA

may be used for molecular testing (PCR)

Zinc sulfate (most common)

copper sulfate

modified PVA contains --?

Wet mount

useful in the detectiion of motile protozoan trophozoite, helminth eggs and larvae

lugol's iodine

d' antonis iodine

cyst is stained by ——- to enhance the visibility of nuclear structures and aiiid in detecting glycogen inclusions

nair's buffer methylene blue

trophozoite is stained by —-

FECT

can be used with specimens preserved in formalin, MIF or SAF

FECT

less distortiion of protozoal cysts compared to ziinc sulfate flotation

FECT

efficient in recoviering most protozoan cysts and helminth eggs and larvae (including operculate eggs)

moderately effecetiive for schistosome eggs

AECT

recommended for animal parasites, triichuris, capillaria and schistosoma eggs

AECT

parasities may be lost to the plug of debris, possible destruction of protozoan cyst

40% HCL

removes/ precipiitate albuminous/mucoidal substances

33% ZnSO4

1.18 (fresh feces)

1.2 (formalinized feces)

percent of ZnSO4 with the SG (fresh and preserved)

Zinc sulfate centrifugal flotation

yields a cleaner preparation than is provided by FECT, but it is unreliable for the recovery of nematode larvae, infertile eggs of Ascaris, and the eggs of Taenia, schistosomes and many other cestode and trematode eggs

brine's flotation

no centrifugatiion is required

brine's flotation

uses saturated salt solution wiith specific gravity of 1.2

sheather's flotation

ipreferred for concentratiing coccidian oocyts

sheather's flotation

uses boiled sugar solution solution preserved with phenol

wheatley's/ gomori's trichrome

commonly used permanent staining