Innate Immunity Second Line of Defense

blood consists of …

plasma and cells

elements in blood

erythrocytes thrombocytes leukocytes

hematopoiesis

process of differentiation of stem cells into different types of blood cells

granulocytes

leukocytes found in the peripheral blood that have numerous granules

neutrophils (polymorphonuclear neutrophils)

nucleus with 3-5 lobes, small lilac-colored granules

eosinophils

nucleus with 2-3 lobes and larger reddish-orange granules

basophils

two-lobed nucleus large dark blue or purple granules

monocytes

responsible for phagocytosis of pathogens and damaged cells

phagocytosis

process in which a pathogen is engulfed in a vesicle and brought into the phagocyte

perforin

creates pores in the target cell

granzymes

proteases that enter the pores into the target cell

dendritic cells

the main cell type that activates the adaptive immune system

pathogen recognition

phagocytes can also recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

phagocytosis

process in which a pathogen is engulfed in a vesicle and brought into the phagocyte

vasodilation

widens the blood vessels which increases blood flow

formation of pus

inflammation and phagocytosis result in it; combo of dead cells, digested microbe waste and fluids

tissue repair

if second line of defenses are successful

acute inflammation

occurs if cause of inflammation is removed in a short period of time

chronic inflammation

occurs if cause of inflammation is difficult or impossible to remove

fever

an inflammatory response that extends beyond the site of the infection/injury and affects the entire body