Physics Y10 EOY prep

Velocity

Speed in a given direction.

Acceleration

Change in velocity over time.

Force

A push or pull acting on an object.

Gravitational Force

The force of attraction between masses.

Friction

Force resisting motion between surfaces.

Tension

Force transmitted through a string, rope, etc.

Normal Force

The support force from a surface.

Resultant Force

Single force equivalent to all acting forces combined.

Newton's First Law

An object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted on by a force.

Newton's Second Law

F = ma (Force = mass × acceleration).

Newton's Third Law

Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

Kinetic Energy

Energy of a moving object.

Potential Energy

Stored energy due to position.

Thermal Energy

Energy due to temperature (heat).

Chemical Energy

Energy stored in chemical bonds.

Conservation of Energy

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

Hooke’s Law

F = kx, where F = force, k = spring constant, x = extension.

Work Done

W = F × d (Work = Force × Distance).

Power

P = W / t (Power = Work ÷ Time).

Temperature

Average kinetic energy of particles.

Heat

Energy transferred due to temperature difference.

Conduction

Heat transfer through direct contact.

Convection

Heat transfer in fluids by movement of particles.

Radiation

Heat transfer via electromagnetic waves.

Specific Heat Capacity

Q = mcΔT (Heat = mass × SHC × temperature change).

Ohm’s Law

V = IR (Voltage = Current × Resistance).

Electric Circuit

A path through which electricity flows.

Resistor

A component that resists current flow.

Capacitor

A component that stores electrical charge.

Magnetic Field

The area around a magnet where magnetic forces act.

Electromagnet

A coil that acts as a magnet when electric current flows.

Solar System

The Sun and all celestial bodies orbiting it.

Star

A massive ball of gas undergoing nuclear fusion.

Galaxy

A system of billions of stars, gas, and dust held by gravity.

Gravity

Attractive force between objects with mass.

Orbit

The curved path of a celestial body due to gravity.

Scalar Quantity

A quantity with magnitude only; no direction. E.g., Speed, Distance.

Vector Quantity

A quantity with magnitude and direction. E.g., Velocity, Force.

Distance–Time Graph Gradient

Represents speed (speed = distance ÷ time).

Flat line on Distance–Time Graph

Object is stationary (not moving).

Straight line on Distance–Time Graph

Constant speed.

Curved line on Distance–Time Graph

Changing speed (acceleration or deceleration).

Velocity–Time Graph Gradient

Represents acceleration (acceleration = change in velocity ÷ time).

Flat line on Velocity–Time Graph

Constant velocity.

Sloped line on Velocity–Time Graph

Constant acceleration or deceleration.

Area under Velocity–Time Graph

Distance traveled.

Line sloping down on Velocity–Time Graph

Deceleration (slowing down).

Formula for Work Done

W = F × d (Work = Force × Distance)

Formula for Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE)

GPE = m × g × h

Formula for Kinetic Energy (KE)

KE = ½ × m × v²

Units of Energy

Joules (J)

g in GPE formula

Gravitational field strength, usually 9.8 or 10 N/kg