Beliefs in Society Theorists

Durkheim

Social solidarity, sacred and profane

Malionowski

Psychological function, ease in times of crisis

Bellah

USA civil religion

de Beauvoir

False consciousness for women

Nawal El Saadawi

Male misinterpretation

Armstrong

Early religions often placed women at the centre

Weber

Spirit of capitalism, disenchantment, theodicy of disprivilege/good fortune

Bruce

Technological worldview, religion needs commitment, Civil Rights/NCR, cultural defense/transition

Parsons

Structural differentiation (disengagement)

Berger

Religious diversity, pentecostalism in Latin America

Davie

Belief without belonging

Danielle Hervieu-Leger

Spiritual shopping

Bauman

Moral relativism (no universal truths)

Lyon

Jesus in Disneyland

Heelas and Woodhead

Kendal Project

Stark and Bainbridge

Religious market theory, types of cult

Maduro

Liberation Theology

Engels

Dual character

Voas and Crockett

British Social Attitudes Survey shows both belief and attendance are declining

Wallis

Categories for NRMs

Wilson

Sects arise during periods of rapid social change, conversionist and adventist

Niebuhr

Reasons why sects die

Glock and Stark

Spiritual and social deprivation

Lawes

Working class are more likely to be lifelong believers

Voas and Watt

Some middle class only attend church to ensure their child gets into better state schools

Miller and Hoffman

Risk taking, gender socialisation, less paid work

Davie

Women are more aware of the vulnerability of human life

Modood et al

Religion helps cope with racism

Giddens

Fundamentalism and cosmopolitanism

Castells

Resist and project identity

Almond

Other causes of fundamentalism

Huntington

Clash of civilisations

Nanda

Neo-Hinduism

Berger (world religion)

Pentecostalism in Latin America

Compte

Stages of society

Popper

Falsification

Merton

CUDOs principle

Horton

Self-sustaining belief system

Pritchard

Azande tribe

Polyani

How a self-sustaining belief system works

Kuhn

Paradigms

Gramsci

Hegemony and dual consciousness

Marks

Religion prevents education of women

Miller

Postmodernism ignores fixed identities