colum 2 vocab unit 4

Deindividuation

A psychological state characterized by decreased self-awareness and decreased concern for social evaluation, often occurring in group situations.

Group polarization

The tendency for group members to shift their opinions towards a more extreme position after group discussions.

Groupthink

A phenomenon where the desire for group harmony overrides critical thinking, leading to poor decision-making.

Culture

Shared beliefs, behaviors, and values of a group that shape social norms and practices.

Tight culture

A culture that has strict social norms and low tolerance for deviance.

Loose culture

A culture that has more relaxed social norms and higher tolerance for deviance.

Aggression

Behavior intended to harm another individual, either physically or psychologically.

Frustration-aggression principle

The theory that frustration leads to aggression in a response to an unmet goal.

Social script

Culturally provided mental instructions for how to act in certain social situations.

Mere exposure effect

The phenomenon that repeated exposure to a stimulus increases liking for it.

Passionate love

An intense emotional state characterized by strong feelings of attraction and longing for another.

Companionate love

A deep, affectionate attachment characterized by mutual respect, trust, and support.

Equity

The concept that people are motivated by fairness in relationships, balancing benefits and contributions.

Self-disclosure

The process of revealing personal information to others, which can deepen relationships.

Altruism

The selfless concern for the well-being of others, often leading to helping behavior.

John Darley

A psychologist known for his work on the bystander effect and social psychology.

Bibb Latané

A psychologist who contributed to the understanding of social loafing and the bystander effect.

Bystander effect

The phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help in an emergency when other people are present.

Social exchange theory

The theory that social behavior is the result of an exchange process to maximize benefits and minimize costs.

Reciprocity norm

The social expectation that we should return help to those who have helped us.

Social-responsibility norm

The expectation that individuals will help those dependent on them.

Conflict

A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas between individuals or groups.

Social trap

A situation in which individuals or groups act in their own self-interest, leading to negative outcomes for the group.

Mirror-image perceptions

Mutual views often held by opposing sides in a conflict, where each side sees itself as rational and the other as evil.

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A belief or expectation that positively or negatively influences a person's behavior in a way that causes the belief to come true.

Superordinate goals

Shared goals that override differences among people and require cooperation.

GRIT

A strategy designed to de-escalate international tensions through communication and reciprocal concessions.

Personality

The unique and stable patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that an individual exhibits.

Psychodynamic theories

Theories that emphasize the influence of the unconscious mind and childhood experiences on behavior.

Psychoanalysis

A therapeutic approach developed by Freud that explores the unconscious mind to treat psychological disorders.

Sigmund Freud

The founder of psychoanalysis, known for his theories on the unconscious mind and psychosexual development.

Unconscious

A reservoir of thoughts, feelings, and memories that are not currently in conscious awareness but influence behavior.

Free association

A psychoanalytic technique where a patient speaks freely about their thoughts and feelings to uncover the unconscious.