Africa: Plants and Energy H

Africa: Plants and Energy H

Central vacuole

Central vacuole

Takes up a large portion of plant cell interior, filled with water, allows for turgor pressure

Turgor pressure

The pressure that water molecules in the central vacuole exert against the cell wall - allows plants to stand up.

Chloroplast

organelle found in cells of plants that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy

Cell Membrane

thin, flexible phospholipid barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell

Cell Wall

A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to plant cells

Cellulose

Primary component of plant cell walls

Thylakoid

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast that hold the pigment chlolophyll, Location of Light Dependent Reactions

Stroma

fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids, location of Light Independent Reactions

Chlorophyll

Green pigment in plants, algae, and other photosynthetic organisms that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis

Mitochondria

Organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

Light Dependent Reactions

reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH

Light Independent Reaction (Calvin Cycle)

set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light; uses energy from ATP and NADPH to build high-energy compounds such as sugar

Location of Light Dependent Reaction (LDR)

thylakoid

Location of Light Independent Reaction (LIR)

stroma

Reactants of photosynthesis

carbon dioxide and water

Products of photosynthesis

glucose and oxygen

Catalysts in photosynthesis

Enzymes, pigment, and sunlight

Photosynthesis

process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches

Cellular respiration

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

Prokaryote

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Eukaryote

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Ribosome

site of protein synthesis in a cell, present in all cell types

Peptidoglycan

A protein-carbohydrate compound that makes the cell walls of bacteria (prokaryotes) rigid

Nucleoid region

The region in a prokaryotic cell consisting of a concentrated mass of DNA

Plant cell

eukaryotic cell that contains a cell wall, chloroplast and a large vacuole

Animal cell

eukaryotic cell that does not have a cell wall or chloroplast and has small vacuoles

Stomata

Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move (gas exchange)

NADP+

one of the carrier molecules that transfers high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

Photolysis

In the thylakoid membranes of a chloroplast where two molecules of water are split to form oxygen, hydrogen ions, and electrons.

Acid

A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.

pH scale

scale with values from 0 to 14, used to measure the concentration of H+ ions in a solution; a pH of 0 to 7 is acidic, a pH of 7 is neutral, and a pH of 7 to 14 is basic

H+

hydrogen ion