Lipids 7-ketone bodies

what are the 3 ketone bodies and what role do they play?

acetone, acetoacetate, and b-hydroxybutyrate. important sources of energy source for the brain.

the 3 metabolites/ketone bodies are synthesized in the ________.

liver

During periods of starvation, ________________ may be the major source of energy for the brain.

ketone bodies

______________ and _______________ are normal substrates for kidney cortex and for heart muscles.

acetoacetate and B-hydroxybutyrate

label the 3 ketone bodies as true ketone, not a true ketone, or exits the body in breath or urine.

acetoacetate=true ketone; B-hydroxybutyrate=not a true ketone; acetone= exits body in breath of urine

what is the most prevalent ketone?

B-hydroxybutyrate

what is the first ketone produced?

acetoacetate

___________ are taken as performance enhancers for althelse and for those on ketogenic diets.

keto esters

Ongoing research for ketone esters in focus, and even fueling brains in ___________ disease.

Alzheimer’s

differnce between endogenous and exogenous ketones:

endogenous ketones: produced within the body; fasting/consuming low carb diet; ex.type 1 diabeties

exogenous ketones: produced from external substances like keto esters

what is the first independenet biomedical research institute? what did they launch?

The Buck institute launched first Human clinical trial of ketone body supplementation

Type 1 diabetes are ____% of all cases.

10%

Type 1 diabetes do not produce enough __________. Ungergo _______ blood glucose.

insulin; elevated

Type 2 diabetes are _____% of all cases.

90%

Type 2 diabetes have ___________ elevated levels of insulin. but their cells are not responsive to insulin, due to:

normal; shortage of insulin receptors

type 1 and type 2 diabetes respond by turing to increased _____________ and _____________ of fat and protein.

gluconeogenesis and catabolism

In type 1 diabetes, increased gluconeogenesis consumes most of available ______________, but the breakdown of fat produces large amounts of ___________.

oxaloacetate; Acetyl-CoA

_______ can often be detected on the breath of type ___ diabetes(sweet smell), as an idication of high plasma levels of ketone bodies.

acetone; type 1