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Substance Intoxication
A cluster of temporary undesirable behavioral or psychological changes that develop during or shortly after the ingestion of a substance.
Hallucinosis
Perceptual distortions and hallucinations.
Substance Use Disorder
A pattern of long-term maladaptive behaviors and reactions brought about by repeated use of a substance.
Tolerance
The brain and body’s need for ever-larger doses of a drug to produce desired effects.
Withdrawal
Unpleasant, sometimes dangerous reactions that may occur when people who use a drug regularly stop it or reduce the dosage.
Alcohol
Any beverage containing ethyl alcohol, including beer, wine, and liquor.
Delirium Tremens (“The DTs”)
A dramatic alcohol withdrawal reaction that consists of confusion, clouded consciousness, and visual hallucinations.
Cirrhosis
When the liver becomes scarred and dysfunctional.
Korsakoff’s Syndrome
A disease marked by extreme confusion, memory loss, and other neurological symptoms.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
A cluster of problems in a child, including irregularities in the head and face and intellectual deficits, caused by excessive alcohol intake during pregnancy.
Sedative-Hypnotic Drug
A drug used to reduce anxiety and to help people sleep. Also called an anxiolytic drug.
Barbiturates
Addictive sedative-hypnotic drugs that reduce anxiety and help people sleep.
Benzodiazepines
The most common group of antianxiety drugs; includes Xanax.
Opioid
Opium, drugs derived from opium, and similar synthetic drugs.
Opium
A highly addictive substance made from the sap of the opium poppy.
Morphine
A highly addictive substance derived from opium that is particularly effective in relieving pain.
Heroin
One of the most addictive substances derived from opium.
Endorphins
Neurotransmitters that help relieve pain and reduce emotional tension.
Fetanyl
Known as a particularly powerful pain reliever and is 20 to 35 times stronger than heroin.
Cocaine
An addictive stimulant obtained from the coca plant. It is the most powerful natural stimulant known.
Freebasing
A technique for ingesting cocaine in which the pure cocaine basic alkaloid is chemically separated from processed cocaine, vaporized by heat from a flame, and inhaled with a pipe.
Crack
A powerful, ready-to-smoke freebase cocaine.
Amphetamine
A stimulant drug that is manufactured in the laboratory.
Methamphetamine
A powerful amphetamine drug that has surged in popularity in recent years, posing major health and law enforcement problems.
Hallucinogen
A substance that causes powerful changes primarily in sensory perception. Also called a psychedelic drug.
LSD
A hallucinogen derived from ergot alkaloids.
MDMA
A stimulant drug that also produces hallucinogenic effects and so is typically viewed as a hallucinogenic drug. Also called Ecstasy.
Cannabis
Drugs produced from the varieties of the help plant Cannabis Sativa. The cause a mixture of hallucinogenic, depressant, and stimulant effects.
Marijuana
One of the cannabis drugs, derived from the buds, leaves, and flowering tops of the hemp plant Cannabis Sativa.
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
The main active ingredient of cannabis substances.
Polysubstance Use
The pattern in which people take more than one drug at a time.
Synergistic Effect
In pharmacology, an increase of effects that occurs when more than one substance is acting on the body at the same time.
Substance Abuse Personality
A response to early deprivations that leaves certain people prone to drug abuse.
Reward Circuit
A dopamine-rich circuit in the brain that produces feelings of pleasure when activated.
Incentive-Sensitization Theory
The theory that describes neurons in the brain circuit firing more readily when stimulated by substances which contribute to future desires for the person.
Reward Deficiency Syndrome
When the reward circuit is not readily activated by the usual events in a person’s life, so they turn to drugs to stimulate this pleasure pathway, particularly in times of stress.
Motivational Interviewing
A process in which therapists help motivate the clients to make constructive choices and behavioral changes.
Aversion Therapy
A treatment in which clients are repeatedly presented with unpleasant stimuli while they are performing undesirable behaviors such as taking a drug.
Contingency Management
Programs that offer clients incentives (such as vouchers, prizes, cash, or privileges) that are contingent on the submission of drug-free urine specimens.
Relapse-Prevention Training
An approach to treating alcohol use disorder in which clients are taught to plan ahead and to apply coping strategies in situations that typically trigger excessive drinking.
Detoxification
Systematic and medically supervised withdrawal from a drug.
Antagonist Drugs
Drugs that block or change the effects of an addictive drug.
Disulfiram (Anabuse)
A type of antagonist drug that is given to people who are trying to stay away from alcohol.
Naloxone
A widely used opioid antagonist.
Methadone Maintenance Program
A treatment in which clients are given legally and medically supervised does of methadone- a heroin substitute- to treat opioid use disorder.
Buprenorphine
An opioid substitute drug that has been used as a form of maintenance therapy during the last decade.
Self-Help Programs, Community Prevention Programs, Gender-Sensitive Programs
The three sociocultural approaches that have been used to help people overcome substance use disorders.
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)
A self-help organization that provides support and guidance for people with alcohol use disorder.
Residential Treatment Center
A place where people who were formerly addicted to drugs live, work, and socialize in a drug-free environment. Also called a therapeutic community.
Gambling Disorder
A disorder marked by persistent and recurrent gambling behavior, leading to a range of life problems.
Gamblers Anonymous
A network modeled after AA that helps people with gambling disorder.
Internet Use Disorder
An uncontrollable need to be online.
Internet Gaming Disorder
An uncontrollable need to participate in gaming online.
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