Art History 201 midterm 2 Swensen

Who/What is this an image of?

Kallikrates, Temple of Athena Nike; Classical Greek

Who/What is this an image of?

Porch of the Maidens; Classical Greek

Who/What is this an image of?

Praxiteles Hermes and the Infant Dionysus; Late Classical Greek

Who/What is this an image of?

Praxiteles, Aphrodite of Cnidos; Late Classical Greek

Who/What is this an image of?

Lyssipos, Apoxyomenos (The Scraper); Late Classical Greek

Who/What is this an image of?

Lyssipos, Alexander the Great; Late Classical Greek

Who/What is this an image of?

Philoxenos, Alexander the Great Confronts and Darius at the Battle of Issus; Late Classical Greek

Who/What is this an image of?

Polykleitos the Younger, Theater at Epidaurus; Late Classical Greek

Who/What is this an image of?

Athena attacking Giants (from Pergamon); Hellenistic Greek

Who/What is this an image of?

Epignos, Dying Gaul; Hellenistic Greek

Who/What is this an image of?

Venus de Milo; Hellenistic Greek

Who/What is this an image of?

Nike of Samothrace; Hellenistic Greek

Who/What is this an image of?

Athanadoros, Hegesandros & Polydoros, Laocoön,
The Boxer; Hellenistic Greek

Who/What is this an image of?

Temple of Veii; Etruscan Art

Who/What is this an image of?

Gold Fibula; Etruscan Art

Who/What is this an image of?

Apollo/Apulu of Veii; Etruscan Art

Who/What is this an image of?

Tomb of Hunting and Fishing; Etruscan Art

Who/What is this an image of?

Tomb of the Reliefs; Etruscan Art

Who/What is this an image of?

Chimera; Etruscan Art

Who/What is this an image of?

Sarcophagus with reclining figures; Etruscan Art

Who/What is this an image of?

Sarcophagus of Lars Pulena; Etruscan Art

Who/What is this an image of?

Head of a Roman Patrician; Roman Republic

Who/What is this an image of?

The Orator; Roman Republic

Who/What is this an image of?

Temple of Portunus; Roman Republic

Who/What is this an image of?

Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia; Roman Republic

Who/What is this an image of?

Villa of the Mysteries fresco; Roman Republic

Who/What is this an image of?

Pont du Gard Aqueduct; Roman Empire

Who/What is this an image of?

Ara Pacis Augustea; Roman Empire

Who/What is this an image of?

Prima Porta Augustus; Roman Empire

Who/What is this an image of?

Colosseum / Flavian Amphitheater; Roman Empire

Who/What is this an image of?

Displaying the Spoils, Arch of Titus; Roman Empire

Who/What is this an image of?

Bust of a Flavian Woman; Roman Empire

Who/What is this an image of?

Herakleitos, Upswept Floor (mosaic); Roman Empire

Who/What is this an image of?

Column of Trajan; Roman Empire

Who/What is this an image of?

The Pantheon; Roman Empire

Who/What is this an image of?

Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius; Roman Empire

Who/What is this an image of?

Commodus as Hercules; Roman Empire

Who/What is this an image of?

Portrait bust of Caracalla; Roman Empire

Who/What is this an image of?`

Portrait of Philip the Arab; Roman Empire

Who/What is this an image of?

Portraits of the Four Tetrarchs; Roman Empire

Who/What is this an image of?

Arch of Constantine; Roman Empire

Who/What is this an image of?

Colossal Portrait of Constantine; Roman Empire

Who/What is this an image of?

The Good Shepherd, Orants and Jonah Cycle (Catacomb painting); Early Christian Art

Who/What is this an image of?

(Old) St. Peter’s Basilica; Early Christian Art

Who/What is this an image of?

Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus; Early Christian Art

Who/What is this an image of?

Santa Costanza; Early Christian Art

Who/What is this an image of?

Parting of Lot and Abraham (Mosaic); Early Christian Art

Who/What is this an image of?

Christ as Good Shepherd (Mosaic); Early Christian Art

Who/What is this an image of?

Symmachi Diptych; Early Christian Art

In which ways does a discussion of Etruscan art and architecture revolve around the notions of originality and conventionality?

There are many aspects in which Etruscan art and architecture expresses influences from Greek art, but has its own unique spin on it, for example in Tuscan order columns, the terra cotta Apollo of Veii sculpture (archaic smile, like a kouroi, but wearing draped clothing, dynamic pose)

Basic components of the Etruscan temple

Located high on hills so they were easy to see-different from Greeks, where temples were generally in the middle of a sacred precinct. Had columns, but the proportions and materials were different--Tuscan Order. Stairs were only in the front, no peripteral colonnade.
The Temple of Veii had a single entryway with a thick, heavy roof made of wood or oak. Even division between porch and interior space. They were decorated with terra-cotta statues (i.e. Apollo) and sculptures on top. It's proportion was bigger and squattier. This temple had 3 cella for 3 gods.

What are the elements of early (Reclining Couple) and late (Lars Pulena) sarcophagi?

The reclining couple's sarcophagi is made with terracotta. Terracotta is fired clay. The Etruscans were in an area that was rich in metals and woods. The couple are spending the after life together. The woman held an egg with symbolizes the resurrection and rebirth. They have archaic smiles. Stylized but not exactly proportionate.
It reflected the Etruscan Empire at that time. It was young, growing, and full of hope.
The Late sarcophagi or the Lars Pulena was weathered and old. He was not smiling. Had a scroll that symbolizes his accomplishments in life. The good things he's done. There is not much hope for him for eternity because the vanths (female demons) are hacking at him. It also reflected the state of the Empire, things were beginning to go downhill. They were being slowly conquered.

What are the basic elements of Etruscan Tomb decoration, both in fresco and relief?

The Etruscan tombs were made to give the deceased the best and most comfortable afterlife they could have (similar to Egyptians). They had pillows carved out of stone and other everyday materials to aid them in the afterlife. The reliefs were more home our house like, like a building. The vividly-painted frescoes were to show what they could do for eternity. They were filled with leisure activities. Each individual's would be different because each person thought of eternity as something different.

What is the importance of Etruscan bronzes? What do they tell us about their society?

Developed a special sophistication in casting/engraving on bronze, many of which were for domestic use (i.e. Ficoroni Cista); they were a wealthy society

How does the art of the Etruscans change with the annexation and conquest of the Etruscan city-states?

Made it hard to distinguish between Etruscan and early Roman art because Etruscan bronze artists went to work for Roman patrons (i.e. head of a man - Brutus)

Etruria

Etruscans gained control of the north and much of today's central Italy, known as Etruria

Rasenna

what the Etruscans refer to themselves as

Necropolis

a large cemetery or burial area; literally a "city of the dead"

tumulus tombs

large, rounded tombs

Vanths

female demons

Haruspex

a person trained to practice a form of divination called haruspicy, which is basically inspecting the organs of sacrificed animals, specifically the liver, to read "omens"

Terracotta

fired clay

waddle and daub

a wall construction method combining upright branches, woven with twigs (wattle) and plastered ofr filled with clay or mud (daub)

Repousse

a technique of pushing or hammering metal from the back to create a protruding image. elaborate reliefs are created by pressing or hammering metal sheets against carved wooden forms.

granulation

a technique of decoration in which metal granules, or tiny metal balls, are fused onto a metal surface

filigree

delicate, lace-like ornamental work

Divination

reading signs, etc to learn about the future or knowledge outside of one's means. - see haruspex

the arch

a curved structural element that spans an open space. built from wedge-shaped stone blocks called voussoirs placed together and held at the top by a trapezoidal keystone

podium

raised platform that acts as the foundation for a building, or as a platform for a speaker

atrium

an unroofed interior courtyard or room in a Roman house, sometimes having a pool or garden

Tuscan Order

a variation of Doric characterized by a smooth-surfaced column shaft with a base, a plain architrave, and an undecorated frieze.

Veii

city that Rome conquered

Vulca

the supposed sculptor of Apollo of Veii:
terracotta.
drapery, but doesn't show the anatomy of the body
archaic smile, the hair is a little archaic as well
they show anatomy, but not in the same way
different type of body form, not contrapposto

What was the true art of the Romans? How did they appropriate art and architecture from other cultures? What were their primary contributions? In what ways is art used to support a Republic or an Empire?

The Roman empire absorbed the Etruscans in the 3rd century BC, around that point in time it can even be hard to tell Etruscan and Roman art apart. Rome also assimilated Greek gods and religious beliefs and practices--they did the same with many other places that they conquered. Contributed largely verism instead of idealism.
Rome also used art as propaganda; Julius Caesar was the first ruler to have his face put on coinage.

How did the Roman Republic project its attributes through its art?

Their art is conquering and moving people. Roads=Trade, (trade coming in, troops going out)
Characteristics of Roman Art
Propaganda, Grecophiles- Love Greek, Etruscan influence and lingering culture, Dynamic Functionalism= skill and precision= innovation: engineering and an understanding of materials; man can conquer nature

What are the innovations of Roman architecture?

The arch - Romans did not invent the arch, but they utilize it a lot. It holds weight better than post and lintel architecture. Arches led to groin vaults, barrel vaults, and domes.
The dome - when we see domes, we should instantly think ROME
Brick and concrete - concrete is made from an aggregate (stone, tufa), water, sand, and lime.
(Greek skin - Roman bones) Some things look Greek but have Roman structural components.

What are the basic elements of the Roman villa?

Atrium - the entryway, where business was conducted
Cubiculum - the bedroom
Peristyle - the garden
Triclinium - the dining room

What are the basic elements of the Four Pompeian styles of wall decoration?

1st Pompeian style (Incrustation)- fake fresco of marble: surface and facade
2nd Pompeian style(architectonic) - a window on the world/small stage
3rd Pompeian style (ornamental)- purely decorative
4th Pompeian style(intricate) - all of the above/mixture

What is the message and aims of imperial art? How did Augustus use art and architecture as propaganda?

Augustus (Octavian) was the first emperor - produced official art in a new Roman style of idealism--see Augustus of Primaporta. Public monuments were created, used propaganda in art depicting historical events and Roman victories

How did imperial portraiture differ from emperor to emperor?

Equestrian, general, religious etc.

What are the basic artistic and architectural elements of the Roman Coliseum? What is its message to the public?

Built for the people for entertainment. Had gladiator events, hunts, performances, executions, races, naval battles, a consecrated space. Built with arches on top of arches. Engaged columns with all the orders to show the mixture of time and past events. Showing they understand history, etc.
It was built for the people on the site of a former monument for Nero. Nero, the emperor previous, had spent endless time and resources building tributes to his own splendor. But this is was a symbol that this new emperor was a man of the people.

What is the meaning and use of Triumphal Arches and Triumphal Columns?

A monument to show the greatness of a ruler and to commemorate them and/or a particular victorious event

What are the basic elements and purposes of the Forum and their basilica?

A basilica was a large, rectangular building with extensive interior space, adaptable for a variety of administrative governmental functions; the Basilica Ulpia in the forum of Trajan was a court of law
the Forum also included a big market, libraries, and the Column of Trajan.
nave - large central area
apse - rounded extensions at each end of the building (used for judges when court was in session)
aisles - flank the apse
exedrae - small rounded porticos or niches

How is the architecture of Hadrian the pinnacle of Roman architecture?

Hadrian was a great world traveler and admired Greek art and architecture. His villa was blended with the natural landscape as per Roman tastes.

How was Rome's decline reflected in its art?

As the empire loses strength; Constantine recycles art from previous emperors (literally taken and given new heads), only new stuff is in geometric style (less accurate anatomy and proportion - sausage-like figures --loss of individuality

What is the basic message of the art of the tetrarchy? How is it unique?

Four rulers over 4 parts of Rome. Each statue is the same size and height. All on the same level. It's a system. They're embracing each other. The seniors= Augustus. junio= caesar. Not idealized, narrative and symbolic. Always at the ready with their hands on swords. porphy: stone is naturally purple. purple=royalty.
The message is that all four rulers are working together to benefit Rome. No one ruler is above another. They choose their "heirs" based on intelligence for the better of Rome. Unique because it has never been done before. They made everything work...
It's also unique because everything before them had pushed on a more realistic ideal, either through greek idealism, republic verism, or a combination of the two. This ideal was very stylized.

How is the art of Constantine a throwback to the emperors of the past? How is he a talisman of the future?

His art appropriated works of earlier emperors and somewhat blended the classical style with the geometric tetrarchic style; this would be used in early Christian art.

Rome

Capital of Italy

Romulus

legendary founder of Rome; raised by a wolf

The Roman Forum and the Sacred Way

Trajan's Roman Forum became the predecessor for longitudinal plan basilicas
Sacred way: All roads lead to Rome; leads through religious parts of the Forum (Via Sacra)

Fasces

12 reeds and an ax. reeds: authority to punish. ax: kill

Lictors

a Roman civil servant who was a bodyguard to magistrates who held imperium.

Republic

rule by many

Plebians and patricians

plebians: lower class, patricians: wealthy upper class

oligarchy

small group of people running the government; structure established by Romans after overthrowing the last Etruscan king

toga

garment worn in ancient Rome; goes over one shoulder

consul

one of the two annually elected chief magistrates who jointly ruled the republic.

triumvirate

a political regime dominated by three powerful individuals

Battle of Actium

2 September 31 BC. Marc Antony kills himself. Cleopatra gets bit by a snake

verism

hyper realistic, warts and all, wrinkles, scars, pimples. Often portrays the age and therefore wisdom of its subjects