Final Exam Review Questions- Psyc 2301

Sleep/wake cycle, body temperature, blood pressure and blood sugar levels” is the definition of:

Circadian rythms

Dreams mostly take place during this stage of sleep. Additionally, the eyes move around quickly during this stage.

REM sleep stage

___________________refers to a condition where one has an inability to sleep, whereas _________________ refers to a condition where one may periodically cease breathing during sleep.

Insomnia; sleep apnea

When a test is consistent in its findings.

Reliability

Measures the accuracy of tests.

Validity

Which of the following is not a stimulant

Tranquilizers

The brain becomes addictied to the drugs primarily through ______ reward pathway

Dopamine

Biff recently quit smoking and is struggling. Soon after he quit, Biff started to feel the temptation to smoke every time he went drinking at the bar. He also struggled with behavioral issues, such as not knowing what to do with himself during his usual “smoke break” at work. What component of drug addiction is Biff having trouble with?

Psychological dependence

Freud’s psychodynamic approach states that dreams are:

Cognitive phenomenon that contains symbols which help to reveal hidden wishes and desires when analyzed

The study of Henry Molaison helped teach us about _______________ amnesia, since Henry Molaison memory loss involved the inability to store new information.

Anterograde

Our tendency to perceive things as complete objects rather than as a series of parts is known as the principle of _________________________

Closure

Theories of perception include:

Bottom-up and top-down processing

The tendency to look at data that supports our hypothesis.

Confirmation Bias

The term is used when we evaluate a conclusion based on evidence.

Informal reasoning

Occurs when procedures are followed in order.

Formal reasoning

The recency effect refers to the fact that:

The last items on the list are more likely to be remembered than the middle items

The September 11th attacks on the World Trade Center, Princess Diana's death, and the Sandy Hook School massacre are vivid memories for people. The moment in which they learned of these events are called ________________ memories.

Flashbulb

________________ to refer to the processes whereby the brain collects, stores, and retrieves information for later use

Memory

Almost everybody has had the feeling of knowing the answer to a question but being unable to say it. It seems that it is in your head, but you can't say it. This is called the "tip-of-the-tongue" phenomenon and is a failure of:

Retrieval

_____________ theory, people forget memories as they fade away over time

Decay theory

Lea gets a phone number from a friend at school. However, she has a tough time remembering the phone number when she goes to write it down later. She can only remember the first three digits. This scenario best illustrates the _____________ effect

Primacy

The effect of priming is an example of:

Implicit (non-declarative), long-term memory

Which of the following is not one of the three distinct systems of memory according to the Information-Processing (AS) model of memory?

Phonographic memory

This level of processing involves paying close attention, noticing many details, and putting a good deal of effort into processing all the components of a memory while encoding it.

Deep processing

Christopher wants to memorize a series of numbers, so he groups them into meaningful units of information that look like a phone number to help himself remember. What is this strategy called?

Chunking

According to the law of _____________, we are more likely to perceive smoothly flowing lines rather than choppy or jagged lines

Continuity

_____________occurs when sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced

Preception

Gestalt psychology is a field of psychology based on the idea that the whole is different from the sum of its parts. Gestalt taught that:

The brain creates a perception that is more than simply the sum of available sensory inputs

True or False

Congenital insensitivity to pain is a common disorder where people are born with a high tolerance to pain

False

Different wavelengths of light are associated with our perception of different colors.

True

Failure to notice something that is completely visible because of a lack of attention is called:

Inattentional blindness

A mental representation or grouping of ideas used to understand and organize information about the world

Concepts

The fundamental unit of meaning, representing a statement that can be judged as either true or false

Propositions

Basic unit of knowledge, Conceptual ideas on how things work in the world, Systematic patterns of action (or mental operation) that reflects childrens's current understanding of the world

Schemas

The mental creation of images or mental pictures, which can be visual, auditory, or involve other sensory modalities

Images

An internal representation of the external world, used to understand, reason about, and make predictions about situations

Mental Models

A mental picture or image of the layout of one's physical environment

Cognitive Maps

A student tends to complete her homework daily because she knows that she will be rewarded with candy or praise

Positive reinforcement

Children begin to learn about language from a very early age. Identify the correct progression of language development.

Top label: Earliest stage of language development Earliest stage of language

Bottom label: Most advanced stage of language development Most advanced stage of language development.

Babbling, one-word, simple sentences, complex sentences

A driver is caught speeding very badly. The judge removes her license, thus taking away her ability to drive

Negative punishment

_________________ is/are the basic sound units of a spoken language

Phenomes

B.F. Skinner pioneered a behavior change technique called __________ which involved rewarding approximations of a desired behavior

Shaping

According to developmental psychologists, nurture refers to

An individual’s environmental and social experiences

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies a fixed mindset in the context of psychological constraints in learning?

Alan does not think he was born with academic abilities, so he doesn’t go to college.

Which of the following is an example of aversive conditioning

Using Antabuse (a drug that causes nausea) to discourage alcohol consumption

_________________ is/are the smallest unit of language that carry meaning

Morpheme

______________provides general principles for organizing words into meaningful sentences

Syntax

A personality test designed to assess personality traits and psychopathology in adults.

MMPI

An important part of altruism is the ability to feel

Empathy

Linda and Drew believe that they loved each other the moment they met. This would be an example of

First impression

Bob is a college student. He cannot decide whether to study for an upcoming exam or to play basketball. It is likely Bob is experiencing

Cognitive dissonance

Social psychology is best described as the study of

How socialization impacts us through our lives

Which one of the following is most likely the first social influence on a child?

Family

Freud’s psychosexual stage involves the Oedipus and Electra complex

Phallic

Freud’s psychosexual stage in which one seeks pleasure from eating

Oral

A test in which an individual tells a story based off a picture on a card.

Thematic Apperception Test

A test in which the individual interprets inkblots

Rorschach

Maslow's hierarchy of needs is the spectrum of needs ranging from basic ______________ needs to _______________ needs to self-actualization

Biological; social

Luis works part-time after school to earn money so he can afford a secondhand motorcycle. Luis is working because of ______________ motivation

Extrinsic

Cici firmly believes that every child deserves a loving parent. She becomes a foster parent because she knows that is the right thing to do. Cici becomes a foster parent because of _________________ motivation

Intrinsic

The culture display rule is one of the culturally specific standards that govern the types and frequencies of ______________ that are acceptable

Emotions

______________________ is a want or a need that directs behavior toward some goal.

Motivation

Measures the accuracy of tests

Validity

Marty is a college student. One day he is walking with a friend and holding a conversation. During this conversation, he is also able to walk his bike beside him without issue. What minimum level of consciousness is required for Marty to be able to walk the bike next to him?

Lower-level consciousness

This is the concept that an individual is aware that others have consciousness and private thoughts/experiences and is linked to a person’s social skills

Theory of mind

Daily behavioral or physiological cycles that involve the sleep/wake cycle, body temperature, blood pressure and blood sugar levels” is the definition of

Circadian rhythms

A student who consistently ignores her homework is made to clean the garage and is yelled at by her parents

Negative punishment