Cse 3 midterm

Digital information is stored and processed as

a collection of ones and zeroes

What is typically the smallest addressable unit of memory on a computer system?

byte

If a piece of software designed to run on Windows XP can run on the latest version of Windows, we say the latest version of Windows is ____________.

backward compatible, meaning it works on older versions too

A(n) ______ is a type of display technology which uses liquid crystals in the video panel

LCD

What is a disk drive that uses laser light to read from or write to optical discs

An Optical disc drive (ODD)

What is a data storage device used for storing and retrieving digital information using one or more rigid rapidly rotating disks (platters) coated with magnetic material

a Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

What uses integrated circuit assemblies as memory for long term data storage.

a Solid State Drive (SSD)

What creates a sense of touch by applying forces, vibration, or motion to the user

Haptic Feedback

What is the advantage of using parallel processing instead of serial processing?

processing is generally faster

One of the key advantages capacitive touchscreens have over resistive touchscreens is

the ability to register multiple touches at once

Which of the following applications is free software that allows a user to install a virtual operating system on their computer

VirtualBox

who developed the first micro processor

Intel

Proprietary Hardware

computer hardware whose interface is controlled by the proprietor, often under patent or trade-secret protection. Like you can only use an apple’s company battery in an iphone

Laptops are more expensive to repair than desktops because

They use proprietary hardware

Before web browsers, the primary draw the internet held for the general public was

email

What is the name of the predecessor to the Internet developed by the U.S. Department of Defense?

ARPANET

When you are using the Internet, you are ____ with other computers.

Networking

A _____ is a computer processor which incorporates the functions of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit.

Microprocessor

Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine was programmed using

Punched cards

Most Desktop computers are modular, meaning

individual components can be swapped out with parts from different manufacturers

Secondary Storage Devices

Magnetic Disks \n -Random data access \n -Secondary Storage \n -Floppy disks \n -Hard disks

Floppy disks

\-Provide inexpensive, portable storage \n -Hold too little data for modern purposes

Hard disks

\-Non-removable, rigid disks that spin \n continuously and rapidly

Binary

A calculator translates the touch on the numeric keypad into series of 0s and 1s.

Dvorak Keyboard

developed 1936 to improve efficiency

\-hands don't have to move as much

\-isnt commonly used today.

John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert created what

a machine to calculate trajectory tables for new guns called ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)

UNIVAC I

the first general-purpose commercial computer

Fair Use

is a defense you can bring up in court.

Generally, exceptions are made for duplicating copyrighted content

When are excepctions made in copy right under Fair use

\-For criticism or commentary: This includes parody, even for commercial gain. \n -For teaching, scholarship, or research

DMCA Safe Harbor provisions

Allow for free speech and free exchange of \n information over the internet \n -While still providing copyright holders a method \n to remove infringing content

Admiral Grace Hopper

\-Invented the compiler, ca 1952

\-Created one of the first programming languages, COBOL

\-Coined the term “debug”

ALU

(Arithmetic /logic unit): electronic circuitry executes arithmetic and logical operations.

Accelerometer

________: Detects vertical or lateral motion, converts to a digital signal.

Large servers

can virtualize thousands of machines.

Characteristics of laptops

Some components are left off to help keep size and weight down

\-Relatively fragile

\-Expensive to upgrade or repair

\-Key term: Proprietary hardware.

Transistors

replaced vacuum tubes starting in 1956.

What and when were transistors replaced

mid-1960s transistors were replaced by integrated \n circuits, commonly known as silicon chips

Cache

Small block of very fast memory.

\-Speeds up data transfer

Speech Synthesis

converts data to vocalized sounds understandable by humans.

\-voice synthesizers

synthesis by analysis

\-actual human words, recorded individually \n -“John...Smith...is...not...available." \n -sounds somewhat natural \n -limited vocabulary

\n synthesis by rule

\-uses linguistic rules to generate artificial speech \n -generates each word by rules of pronunciation \n -can synthesize an extensive vocabulary

Capacitive screens

create electromagnetic field, blocked by the electromagnetic field of your skin. Allows multi touch input

Magnetic Card Readers and RFID transponders

Commonly used in employee/Student ID badges, theft prevention systems, many others \n -Briefly used in credit cards, now rare \n -Potential for misuse, invasion of \n privacy

RFID

Radio Frequency Identification

Alan Turing

Mathematician,

1943 Built Colossus, which is considered by many to be the first electronic digital computer.

How do laser printers work

laser beams reflected off a rotating drum to create patterns of electrical charges.

\-The electrical charges attract toner, a fine colored powder, which is then heated to fuse to the paper

Analytical Engine

(1843): Mother of all computers

\- conceived of by Charles Babbage

\-Also never finished

\-Could (theoretically) be programmed with punched cards

\-Could carry out any calculation to 20 digits of accuracy.

Vacuum tubes

used in early computers.

Charles Babbage (1791-1871)

19th-century mathematics professor at Cambridge

Difference Engine (1821)

One of Babbages inventions

\-Required 25,000 parts

\-weighed 15 tons, never finished it

Augusta Ada King

\-First computer programmer

\-Interpreter and promoter of Babbage’s \n visionary work \n -Wrote a plan for using the Analytical Engine to \n calculate Bernoulli sequences

Turing Test

a basic test for artificial intelligence

ENIAC

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer

Laptop, or notebook,computers

portability'

Virtual Computers

A Personal Computer can run multiple operating systems simultaneously (Ex VMWare Fusion, Parallels, VirtualBox (free!)

Embedded Computers

Special-purpose computer=Dedicated computers that perform specific tasks like

\-Controlling the temperature and humidity \n -Monitoring your heart rate \n -Monitoring your house security system

Freeware

\-Often quite sophisticated (ex. Firefox, VLC Media Player, etc

\-Actually Free – no strings attached \n -Often unsophisticated, but sometimes what you need

Open Source

Not just free software, free source code

\-Free download \n -Free to modify \n -Free to improve

Project Gutenberg

www.gutenberg.org

byte

8 bits

Kilobyte (KB)

1 Thousand Bytes

Megabytes (MB)

1 Million Bytes

Gigabytes (GB)

1 Billion Bytes

Terabytes (TB)

1 Trillion Bytes

Petabytes (PB)

1 Quadrillion Bytes

1 GHz

capable of handling 1 billion machine cycles per second

What is GHz or MHz

Speed often expressed in megahertz (MHz) or \n gigahertz (GHz) \n -Typical Desktop PC processors: 1.5 GHz – 3.0 GHz per \n core \n -Modern desktops typically have dual-core or quad-core \n processors

Analogous to clock ticks

What does GHz measure

Speed of processors

Intel

The largest CPU manufacturer

Moores Law

Gordon Moores real version: The number of transistors that can be inexpensively placed on an integrated circuit doubles every two years. \n -Popular variants include: \n ◦ Transistors will double every 18 months. \n ◦ Processing speed and storage capacity will double every 18 months.

RAM

(random access memory)

Characteristics of RAM

\-Used to store program instructions and data temporarily \n -Unique addresses and data can be stored in any location

\-Can quickly retrieve information \n -Will not remain if power goes off (volatile)

Typical Size of Cache

Typically 512 KB to 2MB

RAM

main memory

ASCII

The most widely used code

ASCII

An abbreviation of American Standard Code for Information Interchange

Unicode

A coding scheme supporting 65,000 unique characters

Resistive screens

edges emit horizontal and vertical light beams

Accelerometer

Detects vertical or lateral motion, converts to a digital signal

Bar codes

Universal Product Code (UPC), pattern of vertical marks

Bar code reader

reads code horizontally

QR Codes and readers

\-Code stored horizontally and vertically \n -Can store \~4000 alphanumeric characters \n -Typically used for web addresses

OMR

optical mark recognition

◦ machine senses marks on paper \n ◦ fill-in sheets \n ◦ Pink scantron

OCR

optical character recognition

recognizes individual letters of text otherwise just \n copying dots \n ◦ MICR fonts \n -readable by humans and machines

\-typeface developed by American National Standards \n Institute

Discrete word systems

Less computationally expensive

\-Must pause in between words

Continuous word systems

\-able to interpret sustained speech’

\-Siri (iPhone/iPad) and Alexa (Amazon Echo) are \n exceptionally good (but not perfect).

Non-impact printers

Laser printers, inkjet printers

Copy Right Law

US Constitution, Article I, Section 8

Copyrights

creative works like original works of authorship including literary, dramatic, musical, and artistic works, such as poetry, novels, movies, songs, computer software, and architecture.

Before his suicide in 2013 "Hacktivist" Aaron Swartz was facing 35 years in a Federal Penitentiary for:

trying to share academic research journals with the public for free

The Digital Millennium Copyrigh Act's "Safe Harbor" provisions

Protect websites from being immediately shut down if one of their users shares material that infringes on copyright

To combat filesharing, the recording and film industries have used:

\-Audio and video watermarking.

\-Lawsuits or other legal threats.

\-Automated takedown notifications.

Software that you have to pay for periodically to continue using is called

Subscription Software

Which of the following online services or protocols has been using the most internet bandwidth since 2011:

Netflix

The length of patent protection is _______ copyright protection.

Shorter than

Patents

inventions

Aaron Swartz

Helped develop RSS (Really Simple Syndication), Reddit, Creative Commons

Aaron Swartz

Founded Demand Progress, Instrumental in halting SOPA

Aaron Swartz Legal Trouble

Legal troubles: \n ◦ PACER in 2008 \n -Public Access to Court Electronic Records \n -By charging 8 cents a page for accessing public records, court system made roughly $100 million a year \n ◦ JSTOR in 2010 \n -Faced 50+ years in Federal Prison for Wire Fraud and violations of the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. \n -Committed suicide, January 2013, two days after a rejected settlement offer.

Grey Areas

Abandonware