Outline two biological explanations for offending (6 marks) - Genetic

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Twin and adoption studies suggesting that genes predispose offenders to crime pt 1

Christiansen (1977) studied over 3500 twin pairs in Denmark finding a concordance for offender behaviour of 35% for MZ males and 13% for DZ. males (slightly lower rates for females) This supports a genetic component in offending.

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Twin and adoption studies suggesting that genes predispose offenders to crime Pt 2

Crowe (1972) found that adopted children who had a biolgocial mother with a criminal record had a 50% risk of having a criminal record at 18. Whereas adopted children whose mother didn’t have a criminal record only had a 5% risk.

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3

Candidate genes

A genetic analysis of about 800 offenders by Tihonen et al (2015) suggested two genes that may be associated with violent crime:

  • MAOA gene regulates serotonin and linked to aggressive behaviour

  • CDH13 gene linked to substance abuse and ADHD

  • The study found that 5-10% of all severe violent crime in Finland is attributed to the MAOA and CDH13 genotypes

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4

Distress stress model

If genes have an influence on offending, this influence is likely to be at least partly moderated by environmental factors.

The diathesis-stress model suggests that a tendency to offending behaviour is due to a combination of

  • Genetic predisposition (diathesis)

  • A biological or psychological stressor or ‘trigger’ (e.g criminal role models or dysfunctional upbringing)

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