Tissue Engineering Final

What is one method currently being researched to regenerate the heart after cardiovascular disease?

Using cardiac progenitor cells.

What is the function of goblet cells dispersed between epithelial cells?

Goblet cells secrete mucins that protect and lubricates the surface of the epithelium

Where can you find skin stem cells?

The epidermis

Which of the following stem cells are derived from umbilical cord blood and are capable of differentiating into a limited number of cell types?

IPSC’s, Hematopoietic stem cells, Epidermal Stem cells, embryonic stem cells

Hematopoietic stem cells

What are the basic types of tissue in histology?

Connective tissue, Epithelium, Muscle and Nervous tissue

In physiological conditions, what is the less prevalent leukocyte?

Basophils

Is fat tissue important for regeneration?

Yes, because it is a source of MSC’s

In the monitorization of the milieu inside a Bioreactor, what are the main drawbacks of the invasive sensing?

Contamination risk, disruption of culture, and difficulty in calibration

What is the main histopathological characteristic in acute inflammation?

Presence of a heavy infiltration of neutrophils

What are the two vessels that contain valves?

Veins and lymphatic vessels

Where is the lymph node located for use of cancer detection?

It is located near the primary tumor

What stage is the cancer at when the lymph nodes are affected?

Stage III or IV

Which of the following structures belongs to MALT?

Adenoids, Thymus, Spleen, Pater Patches

Pater Patches

What are the fibers of the connective tissue that you can see with a H&E staining?

Elastic and Collagenous

What are the proteins secreted by Adrenal glands?

Cortisol, Adrenalin, Noradrenalin and sexual Hormones

Why is the in vitro stimulation of nasal chondrocytes important?

needed for secretion of functional proteins with an important role in joint lubrication

Where does the negative selection of lymphocytes occur in?

Medulla of the Thymus. Negative selection basically ensures that T-cells are only attacking foreign antigens.

In the mesenchymal tissues with a mechanical function we can distinguish Bone in contrast with cartilage because...

Bone has a higher mineral content than cartilage

Which of the following neoplasia is more aggressive and prone to produce metastasis?

A poorly differentiated tumor

What is each number referring to?

1. Skeletal Muscle

2. Cartilage

What is each number circling?

1. Collagen Fibers

2. Elastin Fibers

What is the purple structure?

Cartilage

Name the structure each number is surrounding.

1. Compact Bone

2. Bone Marrow

3. Loose connective tissue

4. Dense Connective Tissue

What are condroclasts?

Chondroclasts are cells that break down cartilage tissue during the process of cartilage resorption. They play a crucial role in bone development and remodeling.

What are the conditions that you can perform with an autoclave to obtain sterile material?

• To obtain sterile material using an autoclave:

  1. High temperature (121-134°C)

  2. High pressure (15-30 psi)

  3. Adequate time (15-30 minutes)

  4. Proper steam saturation.

What are the characteristics of a primary cell culture?

Primary cell cultures are directly derived from living tissue, have limited lifespan, maintain original characteristics, and are used for short-term experiments.

What are adult stem cells and how do they divide?

Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells found in tissues and organs. They can divide asymmetrically to produce one stem cell and one specialized cell, or symmetrically to produce two stem cells.

What is the main function of oligodendroglia?

Insulate and provide support to nerve fibers in the central nervous system by forming myelin sheaths around axons.

What are glia that are present in nervous ganglia called?

Satellite cells

What is cardiac muscle composed of?

Cardiac muscle is composed of striated muscle tissue found in the heart, responsible for pumping blood throughout the body, joined by gap junctions and desmosomes

Where does the secretion in the interior of the cell accumulate?

Intracellular secretion accumulates in the acinar glands

What can the thyroid gland be classified as?

Endocrine gland and alveolar located in the neck that produces hormones to regulate metabolism and other bodily functions.

What is the connective tissue that covers muscle called?

Epimysium: Connective tissue surrounding muscles, providing support and protection.

What type of bioreactor would you use for tissue engineering of epithelial organoids?

Perfusion bioreactor

What is the main disadvantage of using CFD simulations in bioreactors for tissue engineering?

The simulations require a high level of technical expertise and can be time-consuming to set up and run

What is perfusion in cell culture?

A method of growing cells in a bioreactor using a continuous flow of medium

What is an example of a non-mechanical factor that can be controlled in a bioreactor?

Oxygen concentration

What is the primary benefit of using CFD simulations in bioreactors for tissue engineering?

To increase the efficiency of nutrient delivery and waste removal within the bioreactor.

What are epidermal stem cells?

Epidermal stem cells are undifferentiated cells in the skin responsible for regenerating and maintaining the epidermis. They differentiate into a more limited number of cell types and are found in adult tissue.

What factors contribute to the increased complexity of regenerating solid organs using tissue engineering methods?

• Multiple tissues and/or multiple cellular types

• Connective tissue and epithelial tissue intermixed

• Specialized vascular system & innervation

What is the purpose of mechanical stimulation in tissue engineering?

To improve tissue organization

What indicates the blue and red color for this stain?

Red is muscle and blue is connective tissue

What is the organ/tissue shown in this picture?

The Heart

What is the correct stain in this picture?

Masson’s Trichome

What is the structure in D?

Periosteum and Proper connective tissur

What is the structure in C?

Collagen I and Compact Bone

What is the tissue structure in B?

Bone marrow and blood precursor

What is the tissue structure in A?

Trabeculae. They’re small, bony columns or plates found in spongy bone tissue. They help provide structural support and strength while maintaining bone density.

What are syncytium?

Syncytium are multinucleated cells formed by the fusion of individual cells, commonly found in certain tissues like skeletal muscle and placenta (i.e. Canaliculli and Lacuna

What is the structure pointing in C?

Lacuna

What is the structure pointing to in B?

Canaliculli

What is the structure pointing to in A?

Harvesian Channel

What are the specializations on the apical surface of intestinal epithelial cells called?

Microvilli

What is this structure located in the kidney?

Glomerulus. Part of the nephron in the kidney responsible for filtering blood to form urine. It consists of a network of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule.

What is the lymphatic organ that become atrophic with aging?

Thymus

What type of secretion is found in mammary glands?

Apocrine

What type of glands are attached to the hair follicle?

Sebaceous glands

If a patient allergic to seafood goes to Santiago de Compostela  and eat a pie mainly made with crabs, prawns and lobsters: Which blood population will increase?

Eosinophils

What are hemidesmosomes?

Connect intermediate filaments to integrins for cell adhesion in the basal part of the cell

What is the particular staining developed by Santiago Ramon y Cajal for staining nervous tissue?

Silver Staining

Identify key features of lymphatic vessels that differentiate them from capillaries?

Lymphatic vessels are closed-ended vessels formed by simple squamous epithelia without a basement membrane, whereas capillaries have a BM,

Lymphatic vessels are thinner and more permeable than capillaries, allowing for the easy movement of fluid and cells. ,

Lymphatic vessels play a crucial role in maintaining fluid balance and immune function.,

Lymphatic ducts, which are larger lymphatic vessels, have a poorly developed muscle layer and adventitia compared to capillaries.

What are the main characteristics of cardiac myocytes (cells)?

Striated, Unnucleated, branched, connected by intercalated discs, high mitochondrial content

What always happens after a muscle tissue injury or damage?

Inflammation

If we are interested in regenerate fibrous joints that perform a perfect mechanical function, these have to be made of what?

Simple dense CT

What are the advantages of iPS over ESC?

1. No need to use a human embryo.
2. It allows for the creation of cell lines that are genetically customized to a patient... no immune rejection.

What is a key advantage of bioengineered skin in comparison to traditional skin grafts for treating burn injuries?

Bioengineered skin can be customized to match the patient’s specific needs and promote faster healing.

What staining technique is commonly used to observe blood smears microscopically?

Wright’s staining

What technique softens the bone for easier cutting with minimal damage to surrounding tissues?

Decalcification

What are the advantages of a determined stem cell?

1) Easily isolated
2) Not tumorgenic
3) Limited in division potential
4) Precedents in current therapy

What is histology?

study of tissues

What is a tendon in histology?

single tissue organ homogenously oriented

What is skin?

Epithelial and dense connective tissue separated in different zones. Blood vessels are provided.

What is the bladder?

Consists of epithelium, connective tissue, and smooth muscle.

What is the small and large intestine in histology?

The connective tissue has 2 sections: mucosa and submucosa divided by muscularis mucosae. There are only villi in the small intestine.

How do you diagnose cancer?

Radiology, clinical diagnosis, or laboratory methods such as biopsy.

How do you characterize cancer?

histologic diagnosis, grading and staging.

What is a histologic diagnosis?

Obtained by biopsy, usually with a needle or cylindrical core.

What is the difference between grading and staging of a tumor?

The stage of a cancer describes the size of a tumor and how far it has spread from where it originated. The grade describes the appearance of the cancerous cells.

What are the special techniques for determining the cancer stage?

Immunohistochemistry, gene expression signatures, estrogen receptor

What 3 things do you need to regenerate tissue?

Cells, Scaffold, Cell Signals

What is the Hayflick limit?

The number of times a normal human cell population will divide until cell division stops.

What is confluency?

the percentage of the surface of a culture dish that is covered by adherent cells

Why are microscopes used to view cell cultures inverted?

Due to thickness of the cell culture vessels

What is the main function of a laminar flow cabinet?

Minimize possible contamination of cell culture and to protect user from possible contamination

What are the main phases of growth of a primary crop?

Lag, exponential, confluence and death.

When is the right time to make a pass?

When the crop reaches confluence or is exhausted

What are Cell Lines?

cells derived from primary cultures that tend to proliferate indefinitely

What is a cell subculture?

You start with a confluent monolayer, and then wash it with PBS. The cells are then incubated and detach. They can then be resuspended in fresh medium for counting.

Why are antibiotics added to the culture medium?

To prevent growth of microorganisms that are common contaminants in eukaryotic cell culture

What is a primary culture?

when cells are obtained directly from the organism or biopsy

What are the 3D cues for angiogenesis? What provokes the signal?

Mechanical cues, topological cues, cell to cell adhesion, soluble and ECM- bound cues. Pericytes promote angiogenesis, and Neurovascular unit (NVU) has a very important role, because they secrete signals to promote the capillary to grow or to create new blood vessels.

What is a 3D culture?

culture environment that allows cells to grow and interact with surrounding extracellular framework in three dimensions

Explain the types of 3D cultures.

1. Scaffold- Free Platform: forms a spheroid and mostly used in research of cancer and stem cells
2. Scaffold: combines matrix with the cells
3. Gels/Hydrogels: Type of scaffold, can be animal sourced natural ECM or synthetic gels. Important findings in skin and cancer research.

What are the differences between 3D and 2D cultures?

3D cultures have different cell types, mechanisms of transportation, complex interactions with matrix, and are more similar to in vivo studies.

What are 5 reasons for 3D cell culture in cancer?

1) Alters proliferation and cell morphology
2) Reveals a more realistic drug response
3) Captures phenotypic heterogeneity
4) Changes gene expression and cell behavior
5) Mimics tumor microenvironment

What are pluripotent cells?

Cells that continue to have unlimited differentiation potential and can grow into different kinds of tissues

What are some methods for culturing pluripotent cells?

1) Generating Embryoid Bodies
2) Bioprinting

What is a bioreactor?

A device that attempts to stimulate a physiological environment in order to promote ex vivo cell or tissue growth

What is a bioreactor's main function?

1) Acts as a container that gives sterility
2) Introduce liquids and gases
3) Removes waste
4) Control the physical environment

What are the benefits of a bioreactor culture in tissue maturation?

1) Controlled culture conditions
2) Automated sampling
3) Standardization
4) Physiological Stimuli