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Interhamwe
Youth militia of the MRND, used to perpetrate violence against Tutsis during Rwandan genocide.
Effective number of parties
Counts parties and, at the same time, weighs the count by their relative strength.
BJP
Bharatiya Janata party, congress party ruled India until 1990's, wanted election, wanted to unite government and religion.
Congress party
A major national political party in India - also known as the Indian National Congress.
Gujarat
Western Indian state in which Hindu-Muslim violence broke out in 2002.
Intercommunal civic associations
Civil society organizations that group individuals across multiple cleavages or categories of difference.
Intracommunal civic associations
Civil society organizations that group individuals within a single community.
Surat
A city in the western Indian state of Gujarat.
Ethnic entrepreneur
Ethnic entrepreneurs are people who capitalize on ethnic plurality in a society in order to achieve political or material ends.
Hutu and Tutsi
Two conflicting groups in Rwanda who are extremely similar; however, the Tutsi are seen as superior, while the Hutu inferior. Example: the genocide in Rwanda as a result of ethnic division.
Ubureetwa
A system of forced labor, performed as payment for living on a chieftains land.
President Juvenál Habyarimana
Rwandan politician and military officer who served as the second president of Rwanda, from 1973 until 1994; died in a plane crash that sparked Rwandan genocide.
Arusha accords
August 4, 1993; signed by Rwandan government and RPF; weakened Hutu hold on government and upset Hutu extremists.
Hutu Power
Ideology that included:
- Decolonization process: National liberation struggles as "democratic" & power handover to native majority
- Reclaiming superiority: Based on original inhabitants of Rwanda & focused on Tutsi as foreign invaders
- Resurgent communal conflicts: Hutu vs. Tutsi violence & forced exile of Tutsi
Rwandense Patriotic Front (RPF)
The ruling political party in Rwanda.
Ahmedbad
Located in western India, is the largest city in the state of Gujarat.
