AP Bio Chapters 52-56 Test

Which of the following is the most important assumption for the capture-recapture method to estimate the size of wildlife populations?

Marked individuals have the same probability of being recaptured as unmarked individuals during the recapture phase.

Which of the following environmental features might influence microclimates?

All of the options are correct.

According to the competitive exclusion principle, two species cannot continue to occupy the same

niche

Which of the following levels of ecological organization is arranged in the correct sequence from most to least inclusive?

ecosystem, community, population, individual

If the direction of Earth’s rotation reversed, the most predictable effect would be

winds blowing from west to east along the equator

Examine this food web for a particular terrestrial ecosystem. Which pair of species could be omnivores?

C and E

According to the nonequilibrium model

communities are assemblages of closely linked species that are irreparably changed by disturbance

What interactions exist between a bee and a flower?

+/+

What interactions exist between the cattle egret and grazing cattle?

+/0

What interactions exist between cellulose-digesting organisms the gut of a termite and the termite?

+/+

What interactions exist between a tick on a dog and the dog?

+/-

The observation that members of a population are uniformly distributed suggests that

The members of the population are competing for access to a resource

Which of the following terms encompasses all of the others?

heterotrophs

Why is net primary production (NPP) a more useful measurement to an ecosystem ecologist than gross primary production (GPP)?

NPP represents the stored chemical energy that is available to consumers in the ecosystem

Which of the following could be a density-independent factor limiting human population growth?

earthquakes

What is a logical conclusion that can be drawn from the graphs above?

Developed countries have lower infant mortality rates and higher life expectancy than developed countries

Which of the following abiotic factors has the greatest influence on the metabolic rates of plants and animals?

temperature

Which island would likely exhibit the most impoverished species diversity?

C

Which island would likely have the greatest species diversity?

A

Which of the following is true of detrivores?

They convert organic materials from all trophic levels to inorganic compounds usable by primary producers

Generalized global air circulation and precipitation patterns are caused by

rising, warm, moist air masses that cool and release precipitation as they rise and then, at high altitude, cool and sink back to the surface as dry air masses after moving north or south of the tropics

A cow’s herbivorous diet indicates that it is a(n)

primary consumer

A population’s carrying capacity

may change as environmental conditions change

Which of the following best describes resource partitioning?

slight variations in niche that allow similar species to coexist

Which statement is true with regard to human population growth?

its rate of growth is slowing

Elephants are not the most dominant species in African grasslands, yet they influence community structure. The grasslands contain scattered woody plants, but they are kept in check by the uprooting activities of the elephants. Take away the elephants, and the grasslands convert to forests or to shrublands. The newly growing forests support fewer species than the previous grasslands. Which of the following describes why elephants are the keystone species in this scenario?

Essentially all of the other species depend on the presence of the elephants to maintain the community

White-breasted nuthatches and Downy woodpeckers both eat insects that hide in the furrows of bask in hardwood trees. The Downy woodpecker searches for insects by hunting from the bottom of the tree trunk to the top, whereas the white-breasted nuthatch searches from the top of the trunk down. These hunting behaviors best illustrate which of the following ecological concepts?

resource partitioning

How is net ecosystem production (NEP) typically estimated in ecosystems?

the net flux of CO2 or O2 in or out of an ecosystem

Which of the following is most likely to contribute to density-dependent regulation of population?

intraspecific competition for nutrients

Which letter represents an organism that could be a producer?

B

Which letter represents an organism that could be a primary consumer?

C

Which letter represents an organism that could be a carnivore?

E

An ecologist recorded 12 white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, per square mile in one woodlot and 20 per square mile in another woodlot. What was the ecologist comparing?

density

In mountainous areas of western North America, north-facing slopes would be expected to

support biological communities similar to those found at higher elevations on similar south-facing slopes

Why are food chains relatively short?

Longer chains are less stable and energy transfer between levels is inefficient

Subtraction of which of the following will convert gross primary productivity into net primary productivity?

the energy used by autotrophs in respiration

The feeding relationships among the species in a community determine the community’s

trophic structure

In a typical grassland community, which of the following has the smallest biomass?

hawk

Evidence shows that some grasses benefit from being grazed. Which of the following terms would best describe this plant-herbivore interaction?

mutualism

This term refers to the reflecting and absorption of infrared radiation by atmospheric methane, carbon dioxide, and water

greenhouse effect

This is caused by excessive nutrient runoff into aquatic ecosystems

eutrophication

Based on what you know about ecosystem stability and the information provided in the graph, which community (A-E) would likely support the most biodiversity?

A

Which of the following terms includes all of the others?

biodiversity