Unit 5 AP Human Geography

1st Agricultural Revolution

The shift from hunters and gatherers to sedentary farming, leading to the domestication of plants and animals.

Foraging

Gathering fruits, nuts, wild grains, vegetables, grasses

Hunting

Gathering meats and allows for a more protein - rich diet

What are the advantages of agriculture?

Controlled food supply, better chance of surviving, creates food surplus which makes cities and towns. support people who don’t work in agriculture, all over the world.

Disadvantages of agriculture

to keep feeding people as population grows you need to change the environment, can lead to slavery, non ideal social order

Herders

You domesticate some animals and take them with you. They provide food, but also shelter from their wool, leather, and fur.

Disadvantages of herders

Have to move around a lot because animals need new grass to eat, and because of all this traveling it is hard to make new cities. 

Tropical crops

coffee, sugar, pineapple, bananas

Subtropical crops

rice, cotton, tobacco

Dry climate crops and animals

cattle, sheep, horses, camel

Mediterranean crops

grapes, olives, dates

Warm mid-latitude crops

vegetables, fruits, rice

cold mid-latitude crops

wheat, barley, livestock, dairy cows

yield

how much of a crop is harvested

Intensive Agriculture

require less land but need more capital and labor. They are located closer to larger population centers, higher value food (expensive), lots of machinery

Plantation

 single crop growth, in tropical or subtropical region, very big, cash crops, coffee, sugar, tobacco, tea

Mixed Crop/ Livestock

• economically developed countries, slaughter animals, corn, soybeans

Market Gardening/Truck Farming

•  long growing seasons, fresh fruit and vegetables produced for local markets, often near urban areas.

Extensive Agriculture

•  tend to use less labor and capital, require more land, cheaper, farther away from population centers

Shifting Cultivation

• tropical climates,  like latin america, finding plot of land, clear the area (slash and burn), and designate it for agricultural use. They will use it until it loses fertility and moves somewhere else.

Nomadic Herding

• north africa, asia, cattle, sheep, goat, move around with herd to feed livestock

Ranching

•  land not ideal for farming, raise cattle away from population centers, can let cows go around by themselves, then collect for supplies.

Food Insecurity

•  lack of access to enough nutritious food that meets dietary needs

What can cause food insecurity?

• Political and Ethnic conflicts can cause food insecurity

• Natural Disasters can cause food inequality

Second Agricultural Revolution

• (Industrial Revolution) - new machines and techniques were invented

Third Agricultural Revolution

• (Green Revolution and Genetic Revolution) - when science was involved in GMOs, pesticides, fertilizer, etc. 

Food Desserts

• areas that lack full service grocery stores especially in fresh produce

Subsistence Agriculture

•  production that the goal is to provide food for a family or community for consumption, human labor, more land used (developing countries)

Commercial Agriculture

•  producing food to sell for profit, advanced machine labor, less land used (developed countries)

Bid Rent Theory

• The closer something is to the market the more expensive the land is. 

Mono-Cropping

• Cultivating one specific crop every year, over and over again, which risks soil depletion because of the lack of crop rotation

Monoculture

• grow the same thing at the same time, but switching to different crops

Hearth

• the geographic origin of a trait, characteristic, innovation or other concept. It is where something is “born”

Domestication

•  The deliberate effort to grow plants and raise animals, making plants and animals adapt to human demands

What are Agricultural Hearths, and what are the ones in the revolution?

• The separate locations in which groups of people began to domesticate plants and animals (Central America, Andean Highlands, West Africa, East Africa/Nile River Valley, The Fertile Crescent, Wei-Huang River Valley, Southeast Asia)

Fertile Crescent

•  10,00 years ago, bread basket, crops: barley, lentils, olives, oats, rye, Animals: Sheep, goats, cattle pigs

Southeast Asia

•  10,000 years ago, crops: sugarcane, coconut, mango, bananas, grapefruit, rice, tea Climate: tropicalish

East Asia

•  9,500 years ago, Crops: Rice, soybeans, walnuts

Sub-Saharan Africa

•  7,000 years ago, Crops: coffee, cowpeas, millet, African rice, sorghum, yams

Mesoamerica

•  5,500 years ago, Crops: sweet potatoes, beans, maize, chiles, peppers, cotton, cassava, lima beans, potatoes, tomatoes, Animals: Llamas and alpacas

What is the Von Thunen Model

A model that explains agricultural land use based on distance from a central market, focusing on crop production, land costs, and transportation.

What did the von thunen model assume?

• Assumed all land is flat

• There is one single market

• All land has equal access to the market

• Farmers want to maximize profit

What are the rings of the Von Thünen model

• Center is the market

• Then 1st ring is dairy farming (stuff with refrigeration) and market gardening

• 2nd ring is forest (lumber/wood)

• 3rd ring is Grains and field crops (cheap transport)

• 4th ring is livestock and ranching (livestock can walk to market)

• 5th ring is wilderness, no commercial agriculture

Aquaculture

•  fishing, “farming” on water

Women rights

• Women gain more opportunities in more developed countries

• Less developed countries are more traditional (women have less opportunities)

Mediterranean climate

hot/dry-summer climate, mild winter and a defined rainy season that produces certain fruits, vegetables, and grains such as grapes, olives, figs, dates, tomatoes, zucchini, wheat and barley. It prevails along the shores of the Mediterranean, in parts of California and Oregon, in central Chile, South Africa’s Cape, and in parts of Australia 

Tropical Climate

hot, humid climate that produces certain plants, such as cassava, banana, sugar cane, sweet potato, papaya, rice, maize

Market Gardening (intensive)

What is it Some of the fruits and vegetables are sold fresh to consumers, but most are sold to large processors for canning or freezing

Southeastern US, California, Southeastern Australia

Climate: Warm Mid-Latitude  Types of Crops: Fresh fruits and vegetables, lettuce, broccoli, apples, oranges, tomatoes

Plantation Agriculture

Plantation Agriculture (Intensive) A plantation specializes in one crop that is transported for sale on the global market.

Climate: Tropical  Types of Crops: Commodity & speciality crops such as cacao, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, bananas, tobacco, tea, coconuts & cotton.

Mixed Crop livestock (intensive)

Mixed Crop/Livestock (Intensive) Commercial farming characterized by integration of crops and livestock; most of the crops are fed to animals rather than consumed by humans

Climate: Cold & Warm Mid-Latitude  Types of Crops: Corn, grains, & soybeans grown to feed to cattle & pigs.

Shifting Cultivation

Shifting Cultivation (Extensive) Farmers move from one field to another; aka  slash-and-burn agriculture because farmers clear and fertilize the land by burning vegetation. When the soil loses fertility, the farmers move to a different plot of land and repeat.

rice, maize (corn), millet and sorghum

Nomadic Herding

Nomadic Herding (Extensive) Nomads move herds to different pastures and trade meat, milk, and hides. Rely upon animals for survival, not profit.

Climate:Drylands/Desert Types of Livestock: Cattle, Camels, Reindeer, Goats, Yaks, Sheep, Horses

Ranching

Ranching Commercial grazing of livestock. Eventually they will be sent to feedlots and then be sent to slaughter.

Climate:Drylands/Desert Types of Livestock: Cattle, Goats, Sheep

Commercial Grain Farming (Extensive)

Commercial Grain Farming (Extensive) Crops are grown primarily for human consumption.Farms sell their output to manufacturers of food products, such as breakfast cereals and bread.

Climate: Mid-Latitudes, too dry for mixed crop & livestock Types of Crops: Wheat

Clustered

 a pattern of rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each others' fields and surround the settlement.

Dispersed

 settlement pattern with people living relatively far from each other on their farms

Linear settlement

 a rural land use pattern that creates a long, narrow settlement around a river, coast, or road that looks like a line

Surveying

examining and measuring the surface of the Earth for planning, preparing to build, or mapping

Metes and Bounds

a system of describing parcels of land where the metes are the lines (including angle and distance that surround the property) and bound describes features such as a river or public road

Long Lot

 a rural land use pattern that divides land into long, narrow lined up along a waterway or road

Township and Range

a system of dividing large parcels of where the townships describe how far north or south from the center point

Fertile Crescent (CHeat Sheet)

a crescent-shaped area in Southwest Asia where settled farming first began to emerge leading leading to the rise of cities

Columbian Exchange

a widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations, communicable diseases, and ideas between the American and Afro-Eurasian hemispheres that was launched by Columbus's voyages

Commonalities among agricultural hearths

 Fertile soil in river valleys, availability of water, moderate climates, and collective societal structures

Enclosure movement

Series of laws enacted by the British government that enabled landowners to purchase and enclose land for their own use which had previously been communal land used by peasant farmers.

Enclosure Movement

Series of laws enacted by the British government that enabled landowners to purchase and enclose land for their own use which had previously been communal land used by peasant farmers.

Commodity Chain

activities involved in the creation of a product: design, production of raw materials, manufacturing and assembly, distribution

Desertification

 the process of a dry area becoming drier and losing vegetation