DRRR Long Test (May 15, 2025)

RAINFALL-INDUCED LANDSLIDE

is the downward movement of soil, rock, and debris due to gravity. are caused by heavy rainfall that increases the weight of the soil and reduces its cohesion.

CAUSES OF RAINFALL INDUCED LANDSLIDES

Excessive rainfall saturates the soil. Weak or unconsolidated soil or rock layers. Steep slopes or mountainsides.

SIGNS OF IMPENDING LANDSLIDES

Cracking of walls, floors, or roads. Soil erosion at the foot of slopes. Water pooling in unexpected areas.

IMPACT OF RAINFALL INDUCED LANDSLIDES

Loss of lives and injuries. Destruction of homes and infrastructure. Disruption of transportation and communication systems. Damage to agricultural lands

Early Warning Systems:

Use rainfall intensity monitoring and slope stability assessment.

Proper Drainage Systems:

Prevent water from accumulating in vulnerable areas.

Soil Stabilization:

Plant grass and trees to reduce soil erosion

Land Use Planning:

Avoid construction in high-risk landslide areas

SINKHOLE

is a depression or hole in the ground caused by the collapse of a surface layer, often resulting from underground erosion or the dissolution of soluble bedrock (like limestone).

Natural:

Erosion of limestone, gypsum, or other soluble rocks by water.

Human:

Over-extraction of groundwater, drilling, or construction.

SIGNS OF IMPENDING SINKHOLES

Cracking in roads, foundations, or sidewalks. Sudden appearance of depressions in the ground. Changes in the flow of underground water.

IMPACT OF SINKHOLES

Collapsing of roads and buildings. Submergence of agricultural lands. Disruption of utilities like water, gas, and electricity. Potential loss of life.

Groundwater Management

Monitor and control the extraction of groundwater.

Geotechnical Investigations:

Conduct site assessments before construction.

Land Use Regulation:

Restrict development in sinkhole-prone areas.

Awareness and Education:

Inform communities of sinkhole risks and signs.

TYPHOON (BAGYO)

A severe tropical cyclone characterized by strong winds and heavy rainfall

Tropical Depression (TD)

Less than 62 km/h

Less than 17.2 m/s

Less than 34 kt

Tropical Storm (TS)

62-88 km/h

17.2-24.4 m/s

34-47 kt

Severe Tropical Storm (STS)

89-117 km/h

24.5-32.6 m/s

48-63 kt

Typhoon

118-184 km/h

32.7-51.2 m/s

64-99 kt

Super Typhoon

185 km/h or higher

51.3 m/s or higher

100 kt or higher

SIGNS OF IMPENDING TYPHOON:

Intensifying rain and wind. Sea level disturbances. Weather advisories from PAGASA.

MONITORING TOOLS:

PAGASA Typhoon Bulletin

Project NOAH

Hazard Hunter PH

Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration

PAGASA

TYPHOON YOLANDA

One of the most devastating typhoons to hit the Philippines, it caused widespread destruction in the Visayas region, particularly in Tacloban City, where wind speeds reached 315 km/h.

THUNDERSTORM

A localized storm producing lightning, thunder, heavy rain, and sometimes hail.

SIGNS OF IMPENDING THUNDERSTORM:

Dark, towering cumulonimbus clouds. Sudden drop in temperature. Static in radio transmissions.

FLASH FLOOD

A _______ occurring within minutes or hours after heavy rainfall or dam failure. Common in lowlying urban areas with poor drainage

FLOOD (BAHA)

Overflow of water submerging normally dry land. Can result from typhoons, thunderstorms, or prolonged rains.

STORM SURGE

An abnormal rise in sea level during tropical cyclones due to strong winds pushing water toward the shore.

EL NIÑO

A prolonged warming of the central and eastern Pacific Ocean. Causes droughts, reduced rainfall, and agricultural impact in the Philippines.

LA NIÑA

A prolonged cooling of the Pacific Ocean. Leads to above-normal rainfall, increased flooding, and landslides.

“Fire Prevention Month” in the Philippines.

According to the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP, 2024), fire incidents increase notably during March,

The Fire Triangle

explains the necessary elements to sustain combustion:

Fuel

any combustible material (e.g., wood, fabric, gasoline);

Heat

an energy source that raises the material to its ignition temperature;

Oxygen

typically available from the atmosphere

Incipient Phase

The fire starts; early suppression is possible;

Growth Phase

Fire spreads; structural conditions deteriorate;

Fully Developed Phase

Maximum combustion; highest threat to life and property;

Decay Phase

Fire diminishes, but hazards from toxic gases and weakened structures remain