Micro Exam 1 🍄

study of microorganisms 🤏

(too small to be seen w/o magnification)

Microbiology

List the 6 microorganisms & their respective fields

• 🌱 Algae (phycology)

• 🧫 Bacteria (bacteriology)

• 🍄 Fungi (mycology)

• 🪱 Helminths (helminthology)

• 🦠 Viruses (virology)

• 🧬 Protozoa (parasitology)

How long has bacteria existed

~3.5 billion years

Nucleus, & simple or complex

• prokaryotes

• eukaryotes

• prokaryotes: pre-nuclei simple cells

• eukaryotes: true nucleus complex cells

Compare prokaryotes & eukaryotes

• what are they

• unicellular or multicellular or both

• lacks or has mem bound organelles?

• prokaryote:

  • microorg,

  • only unicellular,

  • lacks nuclei & membrane-bound organelles

• eukaryote:

  • microog,

  • uni & multicelullar,

  • has nucleus & membrane bound organelles

Microbes that do harm are _

Pathogens

Define photosynthesis

sunlight 🌞fueled conversion of CO₂ to organic material 

breakdown of matter & waste into simple compounds 

Decomposition 

food, drug, vaccines using living organisms

Biotechnology 💉

manipulating organism genes to make new product

Genetic Engineering

using living organisms to remediate environmental problem 

Bioremediation

Biological Insecticides 2 functions

• alternates to chemical pesticides

• use microbes pathogenic to insects, but not humans

Name of natural crystal insecticide

(toxic to insects but not humans)

Bacillus thuringiensis ⚡️

Microorganisms are usually (3)

• free,

• harmless

• beneficial 

live in the body of other organisms (host) & damages them 👹

Parasites

• What do you call Microbes normally present in human body 

  • what do they prevent  

  • what do they produce 

• Normal Microbiota

  • prevent pathogen growth 

  • produce growth factors like folic acid & vit K 

chemicals produced by bacteria & fungi to kill microbes

Antibiotics 💊

Robert Hooke’s accomplishment?

first to observe cells 

first to observe living microbes/’animal cues’

Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek

How does Louis Pasteur relate to these theories

• Spontaneous Generation

• & Theory of Biogenesis?

• His experiment

• Disproved Spontaneous Generation (life could arise from nonliving decomposed matter)

• Proved Theory of Biogenesis (living things only arise from other living things)

• 🦢 flask (broth) heated (open=microbe growth, closed=no growth)

• process of high heat (short time!)

• to kill microbes that cause wine to go bad

• Pasteurization (Pasteur)

Wine going bad

• what it has & function

• what bacteria does what

• waste product

• Alcohol (aka ethanol- makes yeast during fermentation)

• Acetic acid bacteria eat alcohol for energy

• Acetic acid is aka vinegar, as to why sour taste

Conversion of sugar🧁 to make alcohol🍻

Fermentation

Golden Age of Microbiology

• ~ when?

• began w who?

• what did they study during this time?

• 1857-1914

• began with Pasteur

• studied microbes, disease, immunity

1st to use chemical disinfectant to prevent

surgical wound infections 🩸🧼🧪🩹

Joseph Lister

Robert Koch:

• what 2 diseases identified

• Kochs’ __ & what it is

• Anthrax (ulcers, proved caused by bacterium)

• & Cholera 💩

• Koch’s Postulates: criteria to establish relationship btwn microbe & disease🦠👩‍❤‍💋‍👨🤒

Alexander Fleming: 

• discovered 

• name & how?

• when approved?

• discovered 1st antibiotic🥇💊

• he found Penicillin fungus killed his S. Aureus 🧫

• 1940s, Penicillin tested & mass produced

What did Edward Jenner do?

• Injected his gardeners’ son with cowpox virus,

• making him immune to smallpox 👨🏻‍🌾💉

Where does the word vaccination come from?

Vacca (cow!) 🐮

What does Phylogeny study?

Studies the evolutionary relatedness

btwn organism groups 🧍🏻‍♂️🦍

George Beadle & Edward Tatum

• showed genes encode a cell’s enzymes 🦔 👩🏻‍💻🧬🪲

Paul Ehrlich responsible for?

• used arsenic drug called salvarsan (rat poison☠🐀)

• to treat syphilis (sexually transmitted)

Oswald Avery, Colin Macleod, Maclyn McCarty

• showed DNA was hereditary 🧬🧑‍🧑‍🧒‍🧒

Jacques Monod & Francois Jacob

• discovered role of mRNA💌 in protein synthesis💌

Beutler, Hoffman & Steinman

dendrites (immune cells recognize pathogens) 🧠

Von Behring nobel

• Diphtheria Antitoxin 👄

Ross nobel

• Malaria Transmission 🦟🩸

Koch nobel

• TB bacterium🫁😷

Chain, Florey, Fleming nobel

• Penicillin ⛓‍💥💊

Waksman nobel

• Streptomycin🚶🏻‍♂️

Prusiner nobel

• Prions (misfolded protein cause neurodegeneration)

Marshall & Warren nobel

• H. Pylori (stomach gastritis) & its Ulcers 🍔

Rebecca Lancefield 👵🏻

• proposed immunology could identify bacteria 💉!!

How worked together:

• John Tyndall

• Ferdinand Cohn

• Tyndall: saw some microbes were heat-resistant 🥵🔥

• Cohn: identified them as endospores (bacteria resist structure💪) 

What is Taxonomy?

the organization, classification (into groups), & naming of living things

Order the 8 Levels of Classification

Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

*king philip came over for good soup

What are the 3 domains of life?

• Archaea,

• Bacteria (true),

• & Eukarya 

What are archaea?

odd bacteria that live in extreme

environments high salt, heat, etc 🔥🦠🌋🧂

Binomial (2) Nomenclature for microbes & example :)

• Genus: Capitalized 

• Species: lowercase 

  *both italicized*

• (i.e. Staphylococcus aureus) 

Eukaryotes

• when appeared

• came from _ through which process?

• 2B yrs ago

• came from prokaryotes thru symbiosis

• Name Function of Ribosomes? 

• Sedimentation rate? 

• Protein Synthesis (make protein thru mRNA and tRNA) 

• 50s+30s ≠ 70s 

What are endospores?

Resting😴cells resistant to drying, heat, & chemicals

Cells that forms endospores & 2 examples?

Nucleoids!:

• Bacillus 

• Clostridium 🚪

Sporulation

Process/formation of endospores by nucleoids

Germination

When dormant endospores return to vegetative, active state 🌷

3 Inclusions of energy reserves

• Polysaccharide Granules 

• Sulfur Granules 

• Lipid Inclusions

Phosphate reserve inclusion?

Metachromatic Granules (volutin)

What does the Carboxysome inclusion store & its function? 

• 1.5-diphosphate carboxylase 

• fixation of CO₂  🐮

Gas Vacuole Inclusion has:

Protein-covered cylinders 

What does the inclusion of Magnetosomes store & its function ?

• Iron oxide

• (destroys H₂O₂)

Macroscopic vs Microscopic Fungi examples

• micro: mold, yeast 

• macro: mushroom, puffballs, gili

• What are the 2 morphologies of fungi? 

• If both _

• Yeast & Hyphae

• Dimorphic

Describe yeast:

• appearance

• reproduction 

• round & ovoid

• asexual reproduction/budding

What are hyphae

long filamentous fungi

• What are Mycelium?

• what does it give fungi?

• A mass of hyphae 

  • gives fungi a cottony, hairy, or velvety texture.

What are the two types of hyphae

& what they do?

• Vegetative hyphae: digest/absorb nutrients🍔

• Reproductive hyphae: make spores for reproduction.

What structure divides hyphae?

cell walls called septate

Nutrition of Fungi AND Protozoa?

Heterotrophic (feed off other microbes/organic matter)🧛🏻‍♀️

What are saprobes/saprophytes?

Fungi that live off dead plants or animals 🐸

What are parasitic fungi?

Fungi that live off living organisms.

What is mycosis? 

A fungal infection

How do most Fungi primarily reproduce?

Through ___ on ___

Through Asexual Spore Formation on reproductive hyphae.

Sexual Reproduction:

• how/what occurs?

• result 

• 3 examples 

• 2 diff strains fuse (💭parents fusing) 

• Genetically diff spores formed;

• Ascospores, Basidiospores & Zygospores 

• Describe product of asexual reproduction in fungi.

• Thru what process 

• 2 examples 

• Genetically identical spores formed

• Budding or Mitosis

• conidia & sporangiospores 🧽

4 characteristics of Fungi

• eukaryotic

• mostly unicellular 

• colonial 

• heterotrophic 

3 Negative effects of fungi

• allergies & mycosis

• destruction of crops & food 

• produce toxins

3 Positive effects of fungi

• decompose dead material 

• use in genetics & food production

• produce antibiotics, alcohol, acids, vitamins! 💊

4 General characteristics of Algae

• eukaryotic

• mostly unicellular 

• colonial 

• autotrophic: chlorophyll photosynthetic 🧌

Micro vs Macro characteristics of Algae  

• Micro: unicellular, colonial, filamentous 

• Macro: multicellular, colonial 

What are the two major functions of Algae? 

• serve as base of aquatic food webs 

• produce large amounts of O₂

What are dinoflagellates? What do they release? 

• Algae that can cause red tides;

• Release toxins affecting nervous systems.

4 Characteristics of Protozoa

• eukaryotic

• unicellular

• lack cell wall ❌so they come in many shapes :> 

• heterotrophic 

What are the two cytoplasmic layers of protozoa?

• Ectoplasm (outer) &

• Endoplasm (inner) 

What are Trypanosoma Flagellates? 

Pathogenic Protozoans! 

2 Examples of Trypanosoma Flagellates? 🤗 

(name → disease → place) 

• Trypanosoma brucei → Sleeping sickness → (Africa) 

• Trypanosoma cruzi → Chagas disease → (South America).

Name the protozoa amoeba that causes amebic dysentery (gastric infection)

Entamoeba histolytica 📜

What are helminths? What kingdom do they belong to? 

• Multicellular parasites of tissues and organs 🪱

• Animalia 

Most helminths have well developed __, that go thru _

• 🪱🥚sex organs to produce gametes (eggs & sperm)

  • these eggs go thru larval period in/out host 

2 examples of flatworms

• cestodes (i.e. tapeworm) 

• trematodes (have sucking mouthparts) 

4 characteristics of flatworms? 

• shape 

• dig tract? 

• protection or no? 

• excretory & nervous sys? 

• flat 

• pouch dig tract  

• no body cavity

• simple excretory & nervous sys 

Characteristics of roundworms? 

• shape 

• dig tract? 

• protection or no? 

• excretory & nervous sys?

• round

• complete dig tract

• protective surface cuticle

• poorly developed excretory & nervous sys

Special characteristic in roundworms

Have spines & hooks on mouth (㇏(•̀ᵥᵥ•́)ノ)🧛🏻‍♀️

• Most abundant microbes

• what microscope needed to observe them

• Viruses

• Electron Microscope

• Define Virus

• what they’re made up of

• Acellular parasites

• Made of nucleic acid & protein

What is the term that defines viruses as only surviving in host’s cells

Obligated Intracellular Parasites

Damage to cells from Viruses

Cytopathic Effects

2 Examples of a complex virus?

• Poxvirus

• Bacteriophage 

*peanut butter is complex 🥜

2 examples of enveloped viruses & their respective capsid

• Mumps Virus (Helical Nucleocapsid)

• HIV/AIDS (Icosahedral Nucleocapsid)

2 examples of non enveloped viruses & their respective capsid

• Plum Poxvirus (Helical Nucleocapsid)

• Poliovirus (Icosahedral Nucleocapsid)

What 2 things make up a nucleocapsid?

• A nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) 

• + A Capsid