Prokaryotes are a biological success story pt. 2

gram stain reaction

distinguishes between two types of cell walls

1. often used as a first step in identifying bacteria that causes infections

gram positive bacteria

violet stain

1. made primarily of a thick layer of peptidoglycan, which traps violet dye

gram negative bacteria

pink stain

1. thin inner layer of peptidoglycan

2. a protective outer membrane of

   1. lipid

   2. polysaccharide

   3. protein

   4. causes toxic effects

      1. ex. samonella

   5. parts of outer layer cause strong immune response

      1. fever, inflammation

gycocalyx

capsule, slime layer

1. biofilms use this

2. a sticky layer of proteins or polysaccharides that may surround the cell wall

3. helps attach to surfaces, resist drying out and protects from immune system cells

pili

plural - pilus

1. short, hairlike projections made of protein

2. adheres to objects

sex pili

transfer DNA cell to cell

taxis

a response, cells move foward or away from an external stimulus

1. flagellum

endosperm

dormant, thick walled structures that can survive harsh conditions

1. the wall of it surrounds DNA and a small amount of cytoplasm

2. can withstand

   1. boiling

   2. drying out

   3. ultraviolet radiation

   4. disinfection

3. Once the environmental conditions improve, the endospore germinates and develops into a normal cell

amber

What has endosperm been found in?

Clostridium botulinum

a type of bacteria that produces endospores

1. causes botulism

2. food can processing uses high pressure heat to kill it

Bacillum anthracis

found in soil and causes anthrax

1. produces endospores