Serology and DNA

semen

serology def

scientific study of blood serum, w/ regard to response of immune system to pathogens/introduced substances

when was the earliest blood transfusion?

1665 btwn dogs

what happens during failed transfusions?

instantaneous death, blood tends to coagulate in body of recipient

who and when was blood typing invented?

karl landsteiner, 1901

blood

complex mixture of cells, enzymes, proteins, inorganic substances

plasma

fluid portion of blood, primarily water, 55% of blood content

what 3 types of cells make up the last 45% of blood?

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platlets

erythrocytes

red blood cells

leukocytes

white blood cells

platlets

cells that bind together when blood vessels are damaged

how do blood clots form?

when protein(Fibrin) traps/entangles red/white blood cells, platlets, and more solids

what is serum?

a yellow liquid left behind once a clot is removed, plasma-fibrinogen (liquid form of fibrin)

antigens

proteins on red blood cell surface, stimulate body to produce antibodies

antibodies

proteins that destroy/inactivate specific antigen

antiserum

serum containing antibodies

what are antigens responsible for?

blood typing

what are the 4 different blood types?

A, B, AB, O

Rh factor

inherited protein found on surface of red blood cells

a positive blood type means what?

Rh factor is present

immunoassay

measure quantity of antigen-antibody complex w/ or w/out aid of enzyme rxn

polyclonal antibodies

made using different immune cells, affinity for same antigen, diff epitopes

epitope

part of antigen molecule to which an antibody attaches itself

monoclonal antibodies

made using identical immune cells, clones of specific parent cell

what is the best way to indicate presence of blood?

prelim color test

Kastle-Meyer color test

based on observation that blood hemoglobin possesses peroxidase-like activity

what are peroxidases?

enzymes that accelerate oxidation of several classes of organic compounds by peroxides

a positive result comes from and looks like what for blood?

deep pink color caused by phenolphthalein and hydrogen peroxide

what can give a Kastle-Meyer test a false positive?

some vegetation, potatoes, horseradish

luminol

contains hydrogen peroxide, combines w/ iron in blood to produce oxygen

what is the result of oxygen and luminol reacting with each other?

a luminescent compound

for max effectiveness what does luminol need?

complete darkness

bluestar

new version of luminol, easy to mi, extremely sensitive to blood, doesn’t req complete darkness

genes

unit of inheritance consisting of DNA segment located on chromosome

chromosomes

thread like structure of nucleic acids and proteins found in nucleus of most living cells

what do chromosomes do?

carry genetic info in the form of genes

zygote

newly formed cell resulting from joining of egg/sperm

locus

position gene occupies on chromosome

alleles

alt forms of genes that influence given characteristics, aligned w/ one another on chromosome pair

normal mL for ejaculation

2.5-6

1 mL semen contains how many spermatozoa?

100 mil +

CSA

criminal sexual assault

what cases make up a significant % in bio/dna?

CSA cases

PSA

prostate specific antigen, P30

acid phosphate

enzyme secreted by prostate gland

why is acid phosphate important?

stains on numerous clothes or large fabric areas

when was DNA first discovered?

1868

polymer

large molecule made by linking series of repeated units

nucleotides

composed of sugar molecule, phosphorous group, nitrogen molecule

Watson and Clark discovered what in the 1950s?

double helix

replication

unwind dna, exposed free nucleotides, result = two identical copies

PCR

polymerase chain rxn

what is PCR?

technique used to copy DNA strands in a lab test tube

STRs

short tandem repeats

what are STRs?

locations on chromosome that contain short seq. that repeat themselves w/in DNA molecule

what do STRs act as?

filler btwn coding regions of DNA

RFLP

restriction fragment length polymorphism

what does RFLP do?

compare presence/absence of restriction sites

restriction site

enzyme in bacteria can bind/cleave DNA

STR process

1) highly variable repeats 2) PCR amplify 3) multiplexing

multiplexing

technique that simultaneously detects 1+ DNA markers in single analysis

what does sex identifying with STR rely on?

analyzing y-STRs, detects male DNA

amelogenin

protein that plays crucial role in form/struct. of tooth enamel

STR and amelogenin rely on what?

x and y genes, 2 AMELx = 1 band, 1 AMELx 1 AMELy = 2 band