org behavior- chapter 5 and 6

personaility job fit

identifies six personality types and proposes that the fit between personality type and occupational environment determines satisfaction and turnover.

personality organization fit

suggests that people are attracted to and selected by organizations that match their values and leave when there is no compatibility.

person group fit

important in team settings

person supervisor fit

currently becoming an important area of research

personality definition

the sum of ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with the world around them.

personality traits

enduring characteristics that describe an individual’s behavior.

measuring personality

Personality tests are useful in hiring decisions and help managers forecast who is best for a job

self report

the most common means of measuring personality

potential issues with self report

issue of “faking responses”, accuracy is not perfect 

Big Five

conscientiousness, emotional stability, extroversion, openeness to experience, agreeableness

conscientiousness

personal consistency and reliability

Emotional stability:

ability to withstand stress

Extroversion:

relational approach to the social world

openness to experience

range of persons interest and fascination with novelty

Agreeableness

individuals’ propensity to defer to others 

dark triad

Machiavellianism, narcissim, Psychopathy

Machiavellianism

the degree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means.

narcissim

the tendency to be arrogant, have a grandiose sense of self-importance, require excessive admiration, and have a sense of entitlement.

Psychopathy

the tendency for a lack of concern for others and a lack of guilt or remorse when their actions cause harm

core self evaluation

bottom-line conclusions individuals have about their capabilities, competence, and worth as a person.

self monitoring

measures an individual’s ability to adjust his or her behavior to external, situational factors.

proactive personality

people who identify opportunities, show initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs

define ability

individuals current capacity to perform various task in a job

intellectual abilities

abilities needed to perform mental activities – thinking, reasoning, and problem-solving.

general mental ability

overall factor of intelligence as suggested by the positive correlations among specific intellectual ability dimensions.

number aptitude

ability to do speedy and accurate arithmetic

verbal comprehension

Ability to understand what is read or heard and the relationship of words to each other

perceptual speed

Ability to identify visual similarities and differences quickly and accurately

inductive reasoning

Ability to identify a logical sequence in a problem and then solve the problem

deductive reasoning

Ability to use logic and assess the implications of an argument

spatial visualization

Ability to imagine how an object would look if its position in space were changed

memory

ability to retain and recall past experiences

body coordination

Ability to coordinate the simultaneous actions of different parts of the body

balance

Ability to maintain equilibrium despite forces pulling off balance

stamina

Ability to continue maximum effort requiring prolonged effort over time

values

basic convictions about what is right, good, or desirable

value system

ranks values in terms of intensity

terminal values

desirable end-states of existence (freedom, world peace, meaning in life)

instrumental values

preferred modes of behavior or means of achieving terminal values. (Autonomy, personal discipline, kindness, etc.)

perception

a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions to give meaning to their environment.

attribution theory

suggests that when we observe an individuals behavior, we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused

internally caused

those that are believed to be under the personal control of the individual.

distinctiveness

Whether an individual displays different behavior in different situations.

consensus

if everyone faces a similar situation responds in the same way

consistency

Does the person respond the same way over time?

Fundamental attribution error:

We have a tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal or personal factors.

self serving bias

Individuals attribute their own successes to internal factors.

common short cuts

Allows” us to make perceptions rapidly and provide data for making perceptions.

selective perception

any characteristics that makes a person, object, or event stand out will increase the probability that it will be perceived

halo effect

occurs when we draw a positive general impression based on a single characteristic.

horns effect

The tendency to draw a negative general impression about an individual based on a single characteristic.

contrast effect

Our reaction to one person is influenced by other persons we have recently encountered.

steps to decision making

Define the problem.

Identify the decision criteria.

Allocate weights to the criteria.

Develop the alternatives.

Evaluate the alternatives.

Select the best alternative.

bounded rationality

Individuals operate within the confines of bounded rationality.

satisfice

they seek solutions that are satisfactory and suffiecient

intuitive decision making

An unconscious process created from distilled experience.

over confidence bias

individuals whose intellectual and interpersonal abilities are weakest are most likely to overestimate their performance and ability.

anchoring bias

fixating on initial information as a starting point and failing to adequately adjust for subsequent information.

confirmation bias

Seek out information that reaffirms past choices, and discount information that contradicts past judgments.

availability bias

the tendency for people to base judgments on information that is readily available.

escalation of commitment

staying with a decision even when there is clear evidence that it’s wrong.

Randomness Error

our tendency to believe we can predict the outcome of random events.

Hindsight Bias:

the tendency to believe falsely that one has accurately predicted the outcome of an event, after that outcome is actually known.

define creativity

the ability to produce novel and useful ideas

stages of creativity

causes of creative behavior → creative behavior→ creative outcomes