Intro to Peace Studies Midterm 1

Positive Peace

an end state where there is no physical or structural violence but instead a sustainable order where every individual can realize their full potential

Negative Peace

the absence of war

Structural Violence

the act (even if not intentional) of denying individuals their rights ot stunting the optimum development of a group of individuals

Militant Enthusiasm

socio-political efforts to rally support for war; excited by:

• threat from the outside

• negative emotions toward the source of the threat

• an elite willing to mobilize the response

• other individuals who join and re-enforce

In-Group Identity

identifying with a certain group of people; a person can have many in-group identities

Psuedo-speciation

characterizing other people as less human, through their attributes, making it more acceptable to kill them

Diplomacy

the use of authoritative agents to maintain mutual relations, communicate, and carry out political, economic, and legal transactions between states

pro: provides direct communication between actors

con: creates a security dilemma

Negotiation

direct communication between parties to a conflict aimed at resolving or at least managing a conflict without resorting to violence

Security Dilemma

uncertainty about the intentions of other actors encourages each to act as if the other could pose a threat

Hard Power

the ability to get what you want by offering inducements or making threats (using economic and military resources to get people to do what you want) (use diplomacy in hard power)

Soft Power

the ability to get what you want by co-optation; framing the agenda, providing perspectives or information, persuasion, or positive attraction (does not use resources) (makes diplomacy better)

Mediation

participatin actively in the discussion of issues by offering proposals and interpretations that facilitate resolution of the conflict

Good Offices

providing a neutral place and friendly assistance without becoming involved in the substantive discussion of issues

Arms Control

mututal agreement to limit the number or capabilities of certain weapons in order to reduce the degree of violence if war occurs

Disarmament

mutuals agreement to eliminate weapons in order to eliminate large scale, organized military violence

Balancing Power

creating sufficient military power, singly or in alliance with others, to deter aggression or remove theat of coercion by creating a stable equilibrium

maintains negative peace by makign war unlikely since the cost is unreasonable

Alliances

treaties between two or more states in which parties pladge mutual defense in case of attack

Collective Security

a system in which all, especially the powerful, states agree to unite against any aggresor, including, most importantly, members of the system

ttacks any member that commits aggression instead of having one constant common enemy

Peacekeeping

The introduction of neutral, lightly armed military forces, under international control and auspices, and at the request of the parties to the conflict, to supervise the situation and separate opposing forces

International Law

rules, principles, and norms that specify what behavioris or is not permissible in the interaction among states

customary law, treaty law

International Organizations

institutions created by treaty to coordinate the policies of states with respect to a particular political, military, social, economic, or environmental issue (ONE organization)

International Regimes

( a SET of treaties that influence actions of states about one issue)

Regional Integration

agreement by states to join together in federal-type associations in which certain state functions are located within regional rather than national institutions (Perpetuates in group out group mentality)

Neofunctionalism

as integration creates new conflicts, states will either retreat from regional institutions, at high cost, or create new rules and institutions that deepen their cooperation

World Government

centralized, federal institutions for governing the entire planet (does not exist, questions over what the world gov would have authority over)

FIsher, Ury, Patton principles of win-win and principled negotiation

1. expanding the pie - getting rid of distributional issues

2. nonspecific compensation - provide something of equal value but outside of conflict

3. logrolling - giving each party what they really want instead of what they ask for

4. bridging - finding creative alternatives that satisfy needs, usually in unanticipated ways

First known peace treaty

between egypt and hittites, established ongoign communciation trhoguh marryign children and creating permanent reps at each court

4 trends that Klare believes will promote war

1. globalization

2. population growth

3. resurce depletion

4. global climate change

lorenz conditions that excite war

1. threat from outside

2. negative amotiosn toward source of threat

3. elite willing to mobilize response

4. other individuals who join to re-inforce

Hobbes

war is written in our genes and human nature is a state of war against every other human being

Locke

Violence is a function of social structure and human weakness. There is a way to develop that makes war unnecessary and illogical.

Freud

Human nature has the id (destructive impulse, Hobbes) and the superego (creative impulse) . ego is the balance of both, and the way we balance is affected by our experiences.

UN Military Sanctions

1950 - North Korea v south korea (not universally supportes, lots of casaulties)

1991 - kuwait, gulf wars (still not effective since they didnt prevent war)

traditional peacekeeping

supervise, separate

multidimensional peackeeping

exemplified by Cambodia. supervise, separate, establish peace process

5 Characteristics of first gen peacekeeping

1. neutral

2. lightly armed

3. under international control

4. there with consent of parties to conflict

5. supervise and separate

5 characteristics of new gen peacekeeping

1. neutral

2. lightly armed

3. under international control

4. theiw with consent of parties to conflict

5. does WHATEVER the parties to a conflict want them to do

Hedges social functions of war

1. gives individuals meaning

2. creates unified purpose

How is UN different from other IGOs?

general purpose and universal membership