Unit 4 Global Cities Quiz Study Guide

Race

A way to categorize people based on skin color [and other physical characteristics]

Ethnicity

Ethnicity is an identity within a group of people who share cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth

Nationality

Nationality is an identity within a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country

Colonization

The expansion of countries into other countries where they establish settlements and control the people

Apartheid

Apartheid refers to a system and period of South African history where a racial and ethnic minority of White British and British descendants created oppressive race-based rule against a Black African majority group - Clear sense of control (minority over majority, not always majority over minority)

Territoriality

The effort to control pieces of the earth's surface for personal, political, or social ends (i.e. personal space, owned space, political space)

Sovereignty

The power that a government has to control its own territory

Legitimacy

Recognition of that power by other countries

State

A political unit with a permanent population, sovereign territory, an effective government and working economy, and legitimacy by other states

Nation

A group of people with shared cultural heritage or belief, loyalty towards one another and to the nation as a whole, self-determination or the ability or desire to form their own sovereign state, and a distinct homeland (even if everyone is not living there)

Multinational State

A state that includes more than one nation within its borders

Nation-State

A nation-state is a state with primarily one nation within its borders

Stateless Nations

Has no territory of its own but whom it is implied should

National

Of or belonging to the people of a single country, relating to a nation; common to or characteristic of a whole nation

Supranational

Organizations that include many countries (i.e. European Union and the World Trade Organization)

Buffer States

Located between two larger conflicting countries

Shatterbelts

State or group of states that are influenced by other larger competing states. Often culturally, economically, and politically fragmented

Centripetal Forces

Forces / things that unify a state

Centrifugal Forces

Forces / things that fragment or tear a state apart

Challenges of Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces

Power/govern over the whole country is difficult

Unifying Institutions

[compulsory education, holidays, military service] help promote nationalism

Ethno-regionalism

minorities existing within a state without control can tear a state apart

Territorial Morphology

is how a state's shape, size, and relative location affects its governance and political situation

Fragmented States

State that is broken into several pieces, makes communication and maintaining unity difficult. Japan, Philippines, Hawaii, Indonesia

Elongated States

Long and thin in shape, can cause transportation problems, increase centrifugal forces when the state's power base loses influence over one end of the elongation. Access to H2O, bariable resources and arable lands, farming, and H2I irrigation systems. Italy, Gambia, Malawi, Chile

Compact States

Relatively equal distance between its center and any point on its boundary. Ideal because every part feels connected. Communication, transportation, and easier control of all land. Poland, Uruguay, Lesotho, Hungary

Prorupted State

Has a piece that protrudes from its core area, similar to elongated states. People in the prorupted portion may feel disconnected. Thailand, Myanmar, Namibia, Afghanistan

Perforated State

Has a hole in it, filled by another state. Relationships between the two states can be difficult cause if the perforated state does not welcome the perforating. Lesotho, Vatican City

Lesotho

Depends on South Africa for economy. Foreign policies. Similar. 80% agriculture

Geopolitics

How international relations are influenced by geographic factors. Location, governed

Difference Between Boundaries and Borders

Boundaries are invisible lines that mark the extent of a territory. A border is a political boundary that separates the territory and authority of states

Frontiers

Frontiers were geographic zones where no state exercises direct power or where borders are weak and not strongly enforced. The "Wild West" Antarctica

Physical Political Boundaries

Congo River, divides the countries of Democratic Republic of Congo and the Republic of Congo. Natural border turned into political border when states were formed. Rio Grande River

Geometric Boundaries

Straight line [usually] boundaries that do not conform to specific physical features. African Countries, American West

Cultural Boundaries

Boundaries that mark divisions between language, religious, or ethnic groups. Hardest to enforce. India/Pakistan, Virginia/W. Virginia, Northern Ireland

Antecedent v.s. Subsequent Boundaries

Antecedent boundaries exist before any formal boundaries do.

Ohio River existed, and the boundary of Ohio was established after. Superimposed boundaries happen as a result of something and are made by outside organizations. United Nations 1947 partition of Palestine and Israel

Relict Boundaries

Relict boundaries cease to function but are still physically in place, left as part of the cultural landscape. Berlin Wall, Great Wall of China

Microstates

Microstates are sovereign states having very small land mass or population, or both. "State" and "very small" are not very well defined by international law...

How can a state help maintain unity within itself?

Parade, celebrate culture or holiday. Healthcare access, education. Maintain economy, livelihood = happy! Beautiful landscapes = Tourism.

What are some things that could tear a state apart?

War, controversy - general, extreme political views, laws we don't agree with. Lack of resources, hatred towards one another, environmental disasters/crises. Military conflict/conquest., funding decisions, lack of shelter.

Disadvantages of Compact States

Overcrowding, Land is populated, Build up, Conflict within ethnic groups, Migration into your small country can cause problems, and $$

What happens when there are disputes on or around a border?

Try to cross it → Blocked/Camp where they are, War = Land disputes, More security . . . together to enter or exit the country! = Less freedom

Nakhchivan

450,000 people, self-sufficient, fragmented state

Explain How A Region Could Be A Nation

Explain How A Region Could Be A State

Cultural Landscape

The visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape

Define the difference between a nation and a state

How does race and ethnicity influence the cultural landscape of an area?

Share advantages and disadvantages of states and ways in which a country is able to unite and pull apart

Explain why the United States has certain ethnic and racial distribution patterns

Why is identity important for geographers to understand? (give specific historical examples)

How do race, ethnicity, and nationality are impacted by and impact the political geography of a given place?

What are some of the conflicts that arise within multinational states? What about nation-states?

How did the extended period of European colonization impact the political organization of states around the world? What were the long-lasting effects of this colonization? (give specific examples)

How does physical geography impact the development and international relationships of states? What can the shape or location of a state determine about its existence?