Chem 103 Exam

Enyzmes are all?

Globular Proteins that are used in cells

(Substrate + Ase) - Examples: Pepsin, Tryspin, Lysoenzyme.

Oxidoreduction

Acid Reduction (NAD-NADH) - O+ but takes away 2H

(Lactic Dehydrogase)

Transferase

Transfer of functional group from molecule to another

(Kinase)

Hydrolases

Catalyzes by adding H2O to break bonds

(Maltose, Amylase, Surcose, Lactose)

Lyase

Removes a group without hydrolysis

(fermentation) - CO2-

Isomerase

One isomer to another (CIS to Trans) - (Glucuse to Fructose)

Ligase

Synthesis - NEED ATP

2 small molecules to one large molecule

Isoenzymes

Catalyze on rx, slightly different structure depending on tissue

(LDH)

H4 Subunit - LDH

Heart + Kidney

M4 Subunit - LDH

Liver + Muscle

H3M Subunit - LDH

RBC + Brain

H2M2 Subunit - LDH

WBC + Liver

Catabolic Metabolism

Exothermic Rx

• Breaks down large fuel molecules

• bond energy (smaller ones)

  • Hydrolysis, Oxidation

Anabolism

Endothermic Rx

• Synthesizing molecules (need energy)

Metabolism

Small molecules - CO2 + H2O “in cell”

Starch → Dextrins → Maltose (Carbonhydrates)

Mouth (Amylase)

Monosaccharides

Protein Channels (active transport)

Enzyme Binding

Temporary - Salt Bridge/H-Bonding

Apoenzyme (Protein) + Cofactor (Metal Ions or co-enzymes)

Holoenzyme = Organic New protein made from vitamins

Riboflavin

FAD Vitamin

Niacin

NAD Vitamin

Thromin

TPP Vitamin

Allosteric Enzyme

Several Binding Sites = Substrate, Regulate molecule

Proenzyme (Zymogen)

Synthesized in inactive form (protein digesting enzymes) - Blood clotting enzyme

Phosphorylation

Putting in a phosphate to enzyme

Plasma

Fibrinogen = can clot

Serum

None to clot

Vitamin E

This vitamin is anti-coagluant

Vitamin K

this vitamin can blood clot

Embolism

A clot that is moving

Thrombsis

Clot with B.V

Glycogen

Ready Energy source from the Liver + Muscle

Glycogen Phosphoryose

Activated by epinephrine (Liver + Muscle)

Glucagon

inhibited by insulin

Glycogenelysis

Break down of glycogen to glucose

Glycogenesis

Creation of glycogen from glucose

Glycogen Synthetase

Activated by insulin (Muscle Liver) - Enzyme

Glycolysis

All cells go through glycolysis

Pyruvic Acid

Energy process that goes into metabolism or fermentation (krebs cycle)

Examples of Metabolism

Lactic Acid - Analbolic

Glycerol - Lipid

Some Amino Acids → protein

Acteyl CoA

Can be turn into Fatty Acids through Insulin but the main process to enter krebs cycle

Glucogenesis

Activated by cortisol, epinehrine/glucagon but inhibited by insulin

Hyperglycemia

High Blood Sugar

Hypoglycemia

Low Blood Sugar

Insulin

Feast Hormone

1. Activates glycogenesis (making glycogen)

2. Inhibits glycogenolysis (Glycogen no longer makes glucose)

3. Entry of glucose into liver/adipose tissue

4. Stimulates the glucose - aidpose synthesis (F.A in triglycerides)

5. Fat Metabolism is cancelled

6. Inhibits glucogenesis

   1. New glucose from non-carbonhydrates

Diabetes

Insulin Dependent - (No production from pancreas)

• Insulin = protein = cant give orally (must be peptides)

Glucagon

“Famine Hormone”

• Protein hormone from pancreas

1. Act as liver + adipose tissue

2. stim glycogenesis (glycogen → glucose)

3. stimulate liver glucogenesis (Lactic Acid, Glycerol, A.A)

4. Stimulates Hydrolysis of trig (adipose)

Epinehrine

1. Stimulate glycoygenesis (Production of glycogen)

2. stimulate glucogenesis in liver

• + Heart rate / BP

What happens in Step 1,3 in Glycolysis

Kinase

• Slow down enzyme activity

• Active Site for glucose + ATP → product

• Activator Site for ADP = Activate Enzyme

Complete Oxidation of Glucose

686 Kcal

% of energy (2 ATP + 7kcal = 14 kcal)

% saved = 14/686 × 100 = 2%

Anaerobic Conditions

Not enough O2 or Mitochondria

NAD is done in step 6

Aerobic Conditions

Oxygen is avalible and cell mitrochondria

Krebs cycle - Acetyl CoA

Which Usually forms a covalent bond with an amino acids side chain in the active site of the enzyme?

Irreversible Inhibition

Which inhibition can be reversed by adding an excess of the substrate

Competitive Inhibition

In which inhibition does the inhibitor resembles the substrate

Competitive Inhibition

Inhibitor binds to the enzyme at a different site than substrate, but it can be removed

Non-competitive inhibition

An example is ethanol as an antidote for methanol posioning

Competitive Inhibition

Allosteric enzyme inhibitors are examples of what types of inhibition

Non-competitive inhibition

1. Temperature

2. Substrate Conc

3. Enzyme Conc

What is true of pepsin

It is a peptidase/Stomach acid catalyzes the conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin

What type of enzyme would be synthesized first as a zymogen

Protein digesting enzyme and blood clotting enzymes

What factors affect the activity of enzymes?

The substrate saturation, genetic control, and temperature

What type of bond can hold a substrate to the active site of an enzyme?

Salt bridge

What is true of cofactors?

Without it, the enzyme would not be active, many of it is made from vitamins, and it can be metal ions

Which of the following physiological activity (without adding any group)

Holoenzymes

What is true of a zymnogen

The other name is apoenzyme, synthesized with more amino acids than active enzyme, and its active active site is blocked by several a.a

What is true of about denaturing an enzyme?

Severe pH changes will cause perm denature and heavy metals can denature an enzyme

Which of the following statements are true concerning enzymes vs hormones

Enzymes and hormones are all proteins and enzymes are used in the cells where they are made

Which is true concerning Trysinogen and Trypsin?

Trypsin has catalytic ability while Trysinogen is not

Which is true of blood clotting mechanism?

Actual clot is protein called fibrin

True of acetylcholine?

Ester linkage, Neurotransmitter, and a molecule that blocks its receptor site can be used as an muscle relaxant

Which is true of acetylcholineteraste

It can convert millions of substrate molecules to product within minutes, if permanetly inhibited, it can cause overstimulation of muscles, convulsions, and death

True of digestion?

It is mostly hydrolysis reactions that break down food into smaller molecules.

Which is the following is not stored?

Amino Acids

Which product of digestion does not need a protein channel to get into the blood?

Glycerol

Which is true of glycerol

Produced from triglyercides, soluble in blood, and all cells use it for energy

Which product of digestion is not soluable in blood?

fatty acids

What is true of diabetes?

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels due to insufficient insulin production or ineffective use of insulin. In some cases, the pancreas does not synthesize enough insulin or lack of receptor sites for the insulin molecule on the target cells

What is true of glycogenolysis?

It is done in the liver and muscle and the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase catalyzes the rxaction of converting glycogen to glucose-1-phosphate, which can then be transformed into glucose for energy.

What is true of gluconeogenesis?

Done in the liver, activated by glucagon and inhibited by insulin

What are possible starting materials for gluconeogenesis

such as lactate, glycerol, and amino acids.

What is true of glucagon?

A protein hormone that raises blood glucose levels, promotes gluconeogenesis, and inhibits glycogen synthesis.

Which processes are activated by insulin

Fatty acid synthesis

What cell need insulin to faciliate glucose entry

Muscle Cells

Process stimulated by epinephrine (adrealine)

Glycogenolysis in the liver, Glycogen to G1P, and gluconeogenesis in the liver

What is true of glycogen synthetase

Found in liver and muscle and activated when blood sugar is high

How does glucagon affect the liver cell?

It promotes glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, increasing blood glucose levels. (cAMP system)

Muscle cells have no receptor sites for which hormone?

Glucagon

What hormone will stimulate glycogenolysis in muscle?

epinephrine

Which is true of the conversion of G1P to glycogen?

Energy needed to synthesize the glycogen comes from breaking high energy phosphate bonds on glucose

Which of the following acn get out of a cell using protein channels?

Glucose

What hormones uses the cAMP system?

most protein hormones

Which process needs alot of ATP?

Muscle work, synthesis rx, and active transport processes.

C

Which contrains the highest energy? (All in Mitochondria)

One NADH

Which of the following reactions are exothermic?

Which of the following is endothermic?

Glucose to glycogen and ADP and Pi → ATP

Which is true of glycolysis?

All cells can do it, often done in the cytoplasm, and can be done aerobic and anaerobic conditions

Starting of the point of glycolysis for a brain cell

is glucose, which is phosphorylated to form glucose-6-phosphate and is the first step in the glycolytic pathway.

Starting point of glycolysis for a muscle cell

Glycogen and blood sugar after its glycogen is used up

Which is true concerning the enzyme phosphatase?

Converts G6P to glucose.