Test Nine Lecture Two

19. Which of these is not a physical characteristic one uses to classify prokaryotes?

19. Which of these is not a physical characteristic one uses to classify prokaryotes?

• Different staining properties

• Photosynthetic or not

• Motile or nonmotile

• Unicellular or colony forming

• Formation of spores

20. Which of these is not a molecular characteristic one uses to classify prokaryotes?

• Amino acid sequences

• Guanine and cytosine percentages

• Nucleic acid hypridization

• Gene and RNA sequencing

• Whole genome sequencing

21. What is the name of the manual used to classify prokaryotes?

Bergley’s Manual

21. What is the name of the manual used to classify prokaryotes?

Bergey’s Manual

22. There are two kinds of prokaryotes on earth, Domain Bacteria and Domain Archaea. Which statement does not describe a difference between these two Domains?

• Plasma membranes

• Cell wall

• Gene translation machinery

• Gene architecture

23. What is the purpose of the cell wall of prokaryotes?

Provides structure in prokaryotic cells, protecting against environmental changes

24. What is the definition of the peptidoglycan sometimes found in prokaryotes?

Provides cell wall strength, and preserves shape of the cell wall to protect.

25. What is the difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria?

They stain differently. Gram-positive bacteria have a thicker layer of peptidoglycan which stains purple. Gram negative bacteria have a thinner layer of peptidoglycan which doesn’t get stained by the purple.

26. Which statement describes the function or composition of a bacterial flagellum?

It is used for mobility and movement. Like a propeller (not sure about composition)

27. Which statement describes the function or composition of bacterial pili?

Used to adhere onto different surfaces. They bind to receptors on other cells. Made of proteins.

28. Know the parts of this prokaryote diagram and be able to label them if this test question is chosen.

29. Which statement describes the function or composition of bacterial endospores?

Function:  Really thick wall that protects the cytoplasm in the bacteria  

Composition: Thick wall with some DNA and ribosomes

30. Which statement does not describe the cellular interior of a basic bacterial cell?

Internal membrane, nucleoid region, ribosomes

31. Prokaryotes reproduce rapidly, allowing genetic variations to spread quickly through a population. How does this spreading of genetic information occur?

Conjugation - rapidly sharing plasmids by touching each other

32. Certain factors can increase the likelihood of mutations occurring in bacterial cells. Which statement does not describe one of those factors?

Continuous medication

High replication rates

Exposure to antibiotics

33. What can be the result of a genetic (DNA or plasmid) mutation in a prokaryote?

Loss of genetic function or gain. Changes in structure or function.

34. Bacteria have many different forms of obtaining energy (many types of metabolism). ___________ are a type of bacteria which are called cyanobacteria and obtain energy from the sun. Fill in the blank.

Photosynthetic bacteria

35. Bacteria have many different forms of obtaining energy (many types of metabolism). ___________ are a type of bacteria when can oxidize inorganic substances, like nitrogen-fixing bacteria or hydrogen gas at the bottom of the ocean. Fill in the blank.

Chemosynthetic bacteria

36. Bacteria have many different forms of obtaining energy (many types of metabolism). ___________ are a type of bacteria which are usually purple, nonsulfur bacteria that use light as their source of energy, but obtain carbon from organic molecules, such as carbohydrates or alcohols that have been produced by other organisms. Fill in the blank.

Anxygentic phototrophic bacteria

37. Bacteria have many different forms of obtaining energy (many types of metabolism). ___________ are a type of bacteria which obtain both carbons atoms and energy from organic molecules and can be organisms such as decomposers and most pathogens. Fill in the blank.

Chemoheterotrophs

38. Which statement describes bacteria as a plant pathogen?

Type of blight, they destroy their leaves and prevent photosynthesis 

39. What are the symptoms of bacterial tuberculosis? (the PowerPoint gives you the answer within the picture)

• Appetite loss

• Fatigue

• Chest pain

• Coughing up blood

• Prolonged cough

• Night sweats

• Pallor

40. Which statement describes dental caries or their characteristics?

Dental caries are cavities, they look black

41. How are dental caries prevented in humans?

Fluoride (in mouthwash and toothpaste)

42. Which bacterial species causes gonorrhea and which age group of humans is it most often diagnosed? (look to the graph on the PowerPoint for the answer)

a. Bacteria called Neisseria gonorrhea

b. 15-24 year olds

43. Gonorrhea is transmitted through sexual intercourse or bodily fluids and it infects the throat, urethra, cervix, or rectum and can spread to the eyes and internal organs causing conjunctivitis and arthritic meningitis. In women it causes pelvic inflammatory disease and the _____________ become scarred and blocked. Fill in the blank.

Fallopian tubes

44. Which bacteria causes syphilis?

Treponema pallidum

45. How can one contract syphilis?

Sex

46. How many stages of syphilis exist?

Four

47. Which statement describes the last stage symptoms of syphilis?

Heart disease and mental deficiencies, bacteria goes into the brain and destroys it  

48. What does it mean that chlamydia has viral and bacterial characteristics?

Need a host to replicate (live virus), but it is susceptible to antibiotics (like bacteria)

49. Which statement describes how one contracts chlamydia or describes its later-stage symptoms?

a. Orally or through vaginal sex

b. Late stage symptoms are difficult to identify as it is a virus that lies dormant for a while. Women and men can experience pain in their reproductive organs while peeing. 

50. Which statements describes the symptoms of chlamydia?

• Pelvic inflammatory disease (becoming sterile)

• Affects T-cells/Immune system and then it attacks the cardiac muscle fibers or the heart\

• Inflammation of liver and other body parts