The Rise of Absolute Monarchs in Europe

Absolutism

Political system with absolute power in a monarch.

Divine Right

Belief monarchs are chosen by God to rule.

Spanish Armada

Powerful fleet used by Philip II against England.

Louis XIV

French king known as the Sun King.

Palace of Versailles

Opulent palace built by Louis XIV in France.

Czar/Tsar

Title for Russian emperor, meaning ruler.

Peter the Great

Russian leader who modernized and westernized Russia.

Edict of Nantes

Revoked by Louis XIV, promoting religious unity.

Limited Monarchy

Government power limited by a constitution.

Roundheads

Supporters of Parliament during the English Civil War.

Cavaliers

Royalist supporters of King Charles I.

Oliver Cromwell

Leader advocating for Charles I's execution.

Charles II

Restored king of England, pledged religious tolerance.

James II

King who promoted Catholicism, alienating Parliament.

William of Orange

Led invasion of England with Dutch forces.

English Bill of Rights

Established rights of citizens and Parliament's powers.

Mercantilism

Economic policy focused on trade and colonial expansion.

Colonization of America

European settlers established communities, displacing indigenous peoples.

Protestant Reformation

Religious movement leading to conflict in Europe.

Secret Police

Covert force created by Ivan to maintain control.

Iron and Lumber Factories

Established by Peter the Great to industrialize Russia.

St Petersburg

Capital of Russia established by Peter the Great.

Religious Conflict

Struggles between Catholics and Protestants in Europe.