PA 315 Lesson 1 (copy)

Public Administration

interchangeably used, both denoting the exercise of authority in an organization, institution or state

government, governance

name given to the entity exercising that authority

Government

can most simply define as legitimate power

Authority

ability to influence the behaviour of others

power

the right to do so

authority

is therefore the based on an acknowledged duty to obey rather than on any form of coercion or manipulation

Authority

ensures that decisions are made transparently, fairly, and in the best interests of stakeholders, where politics plays an important role

Effective governance

activities, actions. and debates that involve governance, power, and decision making within a society or organization

Politics

It encompasses a wide range of activities, including elections, policymaking, advocacy, lobbying, and the operation of governmental institutions

Politics

can occur at various levels, from local governments and communities to national and international levels

Politics

Politicians must possess some level of skills to

enable them perform their responsibilities to the

satisfaction of their citizens

Politics as the art of possible

The study of powers that shape, maintain and alter the direction of the state.

Politics as the art of possible

This definition in focused on the relation between the govern (rule) and the governed (ruled).

Politics as the governing of men

Society involves two categories of people one group assigned the responsibility to rule and the other submits to be ruled, while one group rules, the other group must be satisfied to be ruled.

Politics as the governing of men

All political activities involve power.

Politics as the struggle for power

Power is the necessary tool required to exert influence and control

Politics as the struggle for power

Even though politics invariably involves the use of power and influence, it does not necessarily mean that all power and influence relationships could be described as political like parents-child/ teacher students etc.

Politics as the struggle for power

Resources are own by the state Politics which involves the distribution of resources of a state to its citizens.

Politics as who gets what, when and how?

he defines politics as who gets what, when and how.

Harold Lasswell

Politicians will determine how these resources are distributed and who what a particular resource is given to.

Politics as who gets what, when and how?

“there is nothing political about the

distribution of resources”

Nnoli

Whenever two or more people gather, the question of who gets what is likely to come up especially when the gathering is of the same purpose.

Politics as who gets what, when and how?

Politicians have power, control and influence based

on their office.

Politics as the Authoritative Allocation of Values

The office gives them the mandate to allocate (distribute) values (resources) for the citizens of the state

Politics as the Authoritative Allocation of Values

All leaders exercise certain powers as a result of their position or office.

Politics as State Power

The difference between a religious leader and the president is the kind of power they have and can exercise.

Politics as State Power

The president has state power. It is only politicians that have __

state power politics

Viewing politics primarily through the lens of government entails focusing on how political power is structured, exercised, and regulated within a society.

Politics as Government

generally refers to the day-to-day management of activities to achieve a goal.

Administration

__ is to care for or to look after people, to manage affairs.

Administration

management of affairs

Administration

involves such functions as planning, organizing, directing. staffing, coordinating, reporting and budgeting (PODSCORB), in an organizations.

Administration

theory that constructs the boundaries of public administration and asserts the normative relationship between elected officials and administrators in a democratic society

politics-administration dichotomy

system of roles graded by authority

organization

a social unit of people that is structured and managed to meet a need or to pursue a collective goal

Organization

all organization needs policy makers (???) and

implementers (???)

politicians, administrators

political determinant of what government decides to do or not to do

Policy

the implementation of these policies decided on by government

Administration

the channel through which public policy is realized.

Administration

the use of state power or the science of governing

POLITICS

key actors of politics and they determine the ends of what ought to be done

Politicians

occupy the realm of authority and are constitutionally responsible for decision making about the actions of elected representatives and their electorates

Politicians

An area of change and unpredictability.

politics

In dealing with clientele, this seeks the interests of supporters

politics

They are not protected and restricted by a code of conventions.

Politicians

science and art of actualizing what government wants to do

ADMINISTRATION

key actors of administration and they devise the means

(how to do it) Hierarchically

Administrators

Serves only in an advisory capacity about the activities of professionals

administration

An area of stability and routine.

administration

thrives on impartiality of rule and processes

administration

appointed on the basis of qualification and examination

administrators

protected and restricted by a code of conventions

administrators

they do not go to parliament for their stewardship

administrators

policy-making and administration should remain two separate activities, independent of each other

orthodox view

Politicians will decide what should be done through public-policy making while bureaucrats carry out the decisions of the politicians.

ORTHODOX VIEW DICHOTOMY

The model represents a superior subordinate relationship where politicians wield more powers than the administrators

ORTHODOX VIEW DICHOTOMY

Typically refers to individuals who work within government field.

Bureaucrats

Focus primarily on executing the directives and policies established by higher-level authorities, such as elected officials or agency heads.

Bureaucrats

In this view, politics determine goals while administration ensures that those goals are met.

ORTHODOX VIEW

In this view, Administration is to remain neutral politically therefore they cannot engage in public policy-making.

ORTHODOX VIEW

In this view, Administrators rely on technical competence execute the decisions of politicians. They are protected against political pressures.

ORTHODOX VIEW

The two main scholars are known behind the orthodox

school of politics and administration dichotomy:

Woodrow Wilson, Max Weber

"The field of administration is a field of business. It is removed from the hurry and strife of politics"

Woodrow Wilson

Administration lies outside the spheres of politics.

Woodrow Wilson, Orthodox View

Administrative questions are not political questions.

Woodrow Wilson, Orthodox View

He emphasized the importance of bureaucrats maintaining a sense of impartiality and neutrality in their decision-making processes.

Max Weber

also known as the NPA or the Post Behavioral approach, emerged as a response to the perceived limitations of the Orthodox view of politics and administration

MODIFIED VIEW of politics

This perspective challenges the strict separation between politics and administration advocated by the Orthodox school and offers a more nuanced understanding of the role of bureaucracy in governance.

Modified view of politics

It is becoming increasing difficult to draw a line between policy making and administration. It would therefore be folly to say that administrative officers should have absolutely no hand in the formulation of policy

john Pfiffer

In practice administrators can participate in the policy process, exercise as much discretion as will be allowed and still hold a clear line against particularistic requests directed to them or to members of their staff.

Modified view

In general, it is fair to conclude that the ??? permits public administrators to provide policy leadership to elected officials. But elected officials should leave implementation and general management questions to professional administrators.

modified dichotomy model

This is constructed to have a version of dichotomy that endorsed the involvement of administrators in policy making but prohibited council members from interfering in the management of the government.

MODIFIED VIEW

This model focuses on the interconnectedness between politics and administration.

modified dichotomy model

this dichotomy model sanctions administrators venturing into policy making, but also sanctions elected officials venturing into administration by being involved in implementing and executing laws and policy.

modified dichotomy model

this model represents a shift away from the rigidities of the tradition approach towards a more flexible, inclusive, and contextually sensitive understanding of the role of bureaucracy in democratic governance.

Modified view of politics

It seeks to reconcile the tensions between politics and administration while promoting democratic values and citizen engagement in the decision-making process

Modified view of politics

This concept emphasizes the interdependence and mutual support between these two domains within the governance framework

complementarity of politics and

administration

He is one of the scholars who emphasize the complementarity of politics and administration. This complementarity stresses interdependency, reciprocal influence, extensive interaction between elected officials and administrators, along with recognition of the need for distinct roles and political supremacy.

Svara

A basic principle of this model stresses that elected officials and public administrators join together in pursuit of sound governance.

COMPLEMENTARITY OF POLITICS AND ADMINISTRATION

"Politics sets the vision, and administration brings it to life. The synergy between politics and administration is the heartbeat of effective governance, where ideas become actions, policies translate into services, and the public interest is realized through collaborative leadership."

Svara, COMPLEMENTARITY OF POLITICS AND

ADMINISTRATION