BMS 501 Endocrinology definitions

BMS 501 Mammalian Physiology II, unit 3: Endocrinology -- general definitions

hormone

chemical messenger that is secreted by cells, travels through blood, and acts on other cells

agonist

molecule that activates a receptor

antagonist

molecule that binds a receptor and does nothing

inverse agonist

molecule that inhibits a receptor

receptor properties

saturable, specific, competitive

GPCR type q

stimulates PLC, IP3, DAG, PKC, calcium

GPCR type s

stimulates adenylyl cyclase, cAMP, PKA

GPCR type i

inhibits adenylyl cyclase, cAMP, PKA

preprohormone

unprocessed peptide with signal sequence

prohormone

peptide with several unprocessed sequences

peptidase

cleaves peptides

glycosylyl transferase

glycosylates peptides

catecholamines

dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

T4

tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine)

T3

triiodothyronine

StAR

steroidogenic acute regulatory protein

P40scc

cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme

additive effect

summation of hormone responses

synergistic effect

greater than the sum of the individual effects

permissive effect

one hormone is necessary for the full effect of another

antagonistic effect

hormones with opposing effects

AVP

arginine vasopressin

ADH

antidiuretic hormone

glycolysis

breakdown of glucose

glycogenesis

creation of glycogen

glycogenolysis

breakdown of glycogen

gluconeogenesis

creation of glucose

lipogenesis

creation of triglycerides

lipolysis

breakdown of triglycerides

beta cells

make insulin

alpha cells

make glucagon

type 1 diabetes

insulin-dependent

type 2 diabetes

insulin-resistant

adrenal cortex

makes steroid hormones

zona glomerulosa

makes aldosterone

zona fasciculata

makes cortisol

zona reticularis

makes DHEA

DHEA

dihydroepiandrosterone

adrenal medulla

makes catecholamines

mineralocorticoid receptor

receptor for aldosterone

glucocorticoid receptor

receptor for cortisol

corticosterone

glucocorticoid in rodents, birds and reptiles

cortisone

inactive form of cortisol

11beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1

activates cortisone

11beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2

inactivates cortisol

melanocortin receptor 2

receptor for ACTH

ACTH

adrenocorticotropin releasing hormone

CRH

corticotropin releasing hormone

POMC

ACTH prohormone

stress

a real or perceived threat to homeostasis

circhoral

every hour

ultradian

more than once a day

diurnal

once a day

nocturnal

once a night

circadian

an endogenous rhythm of 24 hours

seasonal

once a year

circannual

an endogenous rhythm of once a year

response element

DNA region that binds transcription factors

master clock

SCN