Ch. 31: Politics of the 1920s

Coolidge's presidency

Vetoed a bunch of bills because he just wanted to maintain a balanced budget; he did nothing virtually.

GNP

Gross national product: Value of all the goods and services produced by the nation in a year.

Feminists

= somewhat happy, political equals, setback because some women dont want to work more than 10 hours a day.

Hoover

In 1932, was the most hated person in america.

Calvin Coolidge

retires from Public life because of his death of his son → Spend more time with the fam.

Shortcomings

: allows for defensive war; (Germany invades poland in 1939= offensive), no provision for enforcement if the pact was violated.

Solemn Referendum

1920 election: Wilson attempted to make a referendum on the LEague of nations (Solemn Referendum) → advocating for americans to vote for democratic candidates for congress and presidency= wanted to ratify treaty of versaille and American participation in the league of nations.

Hoover's philosophy

rugged individualism

GOod neighbor policy

Hoover trying to improve relations between latin america and US; Teddy Roosevelt destroyed latin american relations w /Corollary.

Outcome

: Landslide for Repubs → Repubs take control of both houses of congress; historians have said there are two important things to note for the :

19th amendment

Gave women the right to vote

Hawley SMoot tariff

highest protective tariff in American peacetime history (Raised up to 60 %)

Wilsons economic policies

Attack on the triple wall of privilege (Trusts, banks, Tariffs)

Washington Naval Conference

Dignitaries and diplomats invited to Conference (Don’t invite Germany because of treaty of versaille said they can’t be armed, and they didn’t invite russia because they were communists)
Washington Naval Conference when Hughes delivers his introductory comments shocks people with 10 year naval holiday
This meant to freeze navies at existing sizes and don’t increase for 10 years
This promotes peace and disarmament
10 year naval holiday doesn’t happen; sets tone for conference
GERMANY (very small domestic police force, and no army) AND RUSSIA (communists) aren’t here

5-Power Treaty:

US, Great Britain, Japan, Italy, and France
US and GB (5), Japan (3), Italy and France (1.5)
Ratios represent: limit tonnage of battleships
For every 5 tons US would have, GB would have 5 tons, Japan would have 3 tons, and Italy/France would have 1.5 tons
US brokered an agreement
Our navy was on par with British royal navy (Japanese felt slighted, major power in Asia and they should have same respect as US/GB)
japan doesn’t sign this treaty

4-Power treaty:

US, Great Britain, Japan, and France agree to respect territorial possessions in the Pacific

Throw Italy out: no territorial possessions in Pacific

Agreement is signed

9-Power treaty:

US, Great Britain, Japan, France, Italy, the Netherlands, China, Belgium, Portuguese

It made the open door official with respect china’s territorial integrity

These treaties (1930s) are violated by japan and the international community doesn’t do anything