Exam 2

Nonverbal communication

Nonverbal communication

the process of one person creating meaning in the mind of another person through nonverbal behaviors

kinesics

movement of the body; includes gestures orientation of the body during conversations, posture

facial expressions

movement of the facial muscles; primarily for the communication of various emotions

eye behavior

movement of the eyes; includes looking, gazing, eye contact, and pupil dilation

haptics

touching behavior; includes shaking hands; hugging, kissing, as well as touch your own body

paralinguistics

characteristics of the voice; includes tone, rate, pitch

physical appearance

visible features of the body, body shape, hair style, clothing

proxemics

use of physical space, includes need for personal space, territoriality and arrangement of objects

chronemics

orientation toward time; use of time to communicate culture values, beliefs, power, and intimacy

olfaction

scents and odors

simulation

displaying emotions that are not actually felt

intensification

displaying emotions that are stronger than the felt emotion

deintensification

downplaying particularly strong emotions

masking

displaying a different emotion from the one that is truly felt

immediacy

the degrees of physically or psychologically perceived closeness

analogic codes

symbols that bear a physical resemblance to the thing they represent.

regulating conversation

taking the floor, keeping the floor, yielding the floor, avoiding the floor

complementing

when nonverbal messages enhance or help to illustrate the ideas that are being spoken

accenting

when nonverbal behaviors add emphasis to particular words and phrases

substituting

when nonverbal behaviors replace a word that conveys the same meaning

contradicting

when nonverbal behaviors are in contrast to the words that are spoken

nonverbal leakage

occurs when a deceiver subconsciously reveals their deception through uncontrollable nonverbal behaviors

micro-momentary facial expressions

are fleeting and virtually unobservable expressions of underlying emotion

emotions

are fleeting feelings that arise in particular situations

moods

are pervasive or lasting feelings that range from bad to good

basic emotions

common or primary feels that are experienced universally

affectionate emotions

love, passion, warmth, joy

self-conscious emotions

embarrassment, shame, guilt, pride

melancholic emotions

sadness, depression, grief, loneliness

hostile emotions

anger, hate, jealousy, envy, hurt

appraisals

are perception of whether you are getting what you want in a situation and whether conditions are favorable or unfavorable to your goals

appraisal theories of emotions

claim that different evaluations of the environment elicit different emotional responses

self-perceptions of emotions

people’s own awareness of how they feel

physiology of emotion

physical changes that occur in conjunction with feelings

nonverbal markers of emotions

changes in appearance that occur when person experiences affect

action tendencies

the behaviors that emotions compel us to perform

factors that affect emotions and communication

culture norms, emotional intelligence, the relationship context

hurt

a blended emotion that includes sadness, fear, and anger

grief

an extreme state of sadness that includes despair, panic, guilt, and anger

jealousy

An emotion that arises from perceptions that a valued relationship is threatened by a partner’s competing interests.

hearing

the ability to perceive sound by detecting vibrations in your ear

listening

the process for receiving, constructing meaning from, and responding to spoken and or nonverbal messages

attending stage

the process of noticing specific cues provided by a communication partner

the interpreting stage

attaching meaning to cues provided by a communication partner

the remembering stage

recalling information that has been shared with you

the evaluating stage

the process of critically analyzing information to determine how truthful, authentic, or believable you judge the message to be

responding stage

forming a reply to the message

discriminatory listening

listening to distinguish between different words, sounds, and meanings

appreciative listening

listening to deprive pleasure and enjoyment

comprehensive listening

listening to receive and remember new information

evaluative listening

listening to judge the accuracy, honesty, and completeness of message

active-empathic listening

listening to comfort and help others

action centered

to get the point as easy as possible

content centered

to understand the facts and details of a message

people centered

to communicate an interest and concern for others

barriers to effective listening

noise, features of the message, thoughts and feelings, lack of effort, non listening

pseudolistening

pretending to listen when you’re not

monopolizing

focusing communication on yourself instead of listening

selective listening

focusing only on specific parts of the message that are relevant to you

defensive listening

perceiving personal attacks in message that are not criticism

ambushing

listening to gain information that will allow you to attack the speaker

literal listening

listening only for content and ignoring cues about the relationship

active listening

involves engaging in the exchange of ideas and taking steps to better understand your partner

types of courtship

accelerated, accelerated arrested, intermediate, prolonged

uncertainty reduction

the process of gathering information about an interaction partner

self disclosure

an essential tool for sharing information and reducing uncertainty

social penetration theory

description of relationship escalation that focuses on how communication allows partners to probe each other’s self-concepts

relational uncertainty

refers to the lack of knowledge people have about their relationships and it stems from three kinds of doubt

self uncertainty, partner uncertainty, relationship uncertainty

three types of doubt

secret tests

covert actions designed to reveal information about a partner’s involvement in a relationship

relationship talk

communication with a partner about your relationship with them

interdependence

a state that exists when relationship partners rely on each other to accomplish their goals

Flashcard for The Relational Turbulence Model:

A model that explains how romantic partners experience uncertainty, lack of control, and interference in their relationship due to changes in intimacy and commitment levels.

social exchange

the voluntary transfer of personal resources from one partner to another

rule of distributive justice

each partner’s rewards should be proportional to their costs