Hormones & their effects

Oxytocin

Target: uterus, mammary glands

Action: labor contractions, sexual affection, milk release

Stimuli type: neural

Trigger: sexual arousal

Found: posterior pituitary

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Target: kidneys

Action: water retention

Stimuli: neural

Trigger: high solute concentration

Found: posterior pituitary

Oxytocin

Target: uterus, mammary glands

Action: labor contractions, sexual affection, milk release

Stimuli type: neural

Trigger: sexual arousal

Found: posterior pituitary

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Target: kidneys

Action: water retention

Stimuli: neural

Trigger: high solute concentration

Found: posterior pituitary

Growth Hormone (GH)

Target: liver, bone, cartilage, muscle, fat

Action: widespread tissue growth (stimulate mitosis)

Stimuli: hormonal

Trigger: ghrelin, puberty, etc.

Found: anterior pituitary

Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH)

Action: stimulates GH release

Trigger: low blood GH/glucose or high amino acid levels

Growth Hormone-Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH)

somatostatin

Action: inhibits release

Trigger: increase in GH & IGF levels

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Target: thyroid gland

Action: stimulates normal development & secretory activity of thyroid

Stimuli: neural

Trigger: thyrotropin-releasing hormone

Found: anterior pituitary

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Target: adrenal cortex

Action: growth of adrenal cortex, secretion of glucocorticoids

Stimuli: hormonal

Trigger: hypothalamic CRH

Found: anterior pituitary

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Target: ovaries, testes

Action: production of gametes

Stimuli: hormonal

Trigger: puberty

Found: anterior pituitary

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Target: ovaries, testes

Action: promotes production of gonadal hormones

Stimuli: hormonal

Trigger: puberty

Found: anterior pituitary

Prolactin (PRL)

Target: mammary glands

Action: milk synthesis

Stimuli: hormonal

Trigger: increased estrogen levels & pregnancy

Found: anterior pituitary

Melatonin

Target: brain

Action: affect timing of puberty & day/night cycles

Stimuli: neural

Trigger: uncertain

Found: pineal gland

Thyroxine (T₄) & Triiodothyronine (T₃)

Target: most tissue in body

Action: enhances effects of sympathetic nervous system

Stimuli: hormonal

Trigger: TSH & negative feedback mechanism

Found: thyroid gland

Calcitonin

Target: bone

Action: bone deposition, osteogenesis

Stimuli: humoral

Trigger: high Ca²⁺ levels

Found: thyroid gland

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Target: bone, kidneys, small intestine

Action: raises blood Ca²⁺ levels

Stimuli: humoral

Trigger: low blood Ca²⁺ levels

Found: parathyroid gland

Aldosterone

Target: kidneys

Action: promotes Na⁺ & water retention & K⁺ excretion

Stimuli: humoral

Trigger: ACTH & stress

Found: adrenal cortex (zona glomerulosa)

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

Target: blood vessels

Action: blocks renin & aldosterone secretion to decrease BP

Stimuli: hormonal

Trigger: high BP

Found: heart

Cortisol & Corticosterone

Target: most tissues

Action: stimulate fat & protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis, tissue repair

Stimuli: hormonal

Trigger: ACTH

Found: adrenal cortex (zona fasciculata)

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

Target: bone, muscle, integument, brain, etc.

Action: puberty characteristics

Stimuli: hormonal

Trigger: puberty

Found: adrenal cortex (zona reticularis)

Glucagon

Target: primarily liver

Action: raises blood glucose

Stimuli: humoral

Trigger: decreased blood sugar, rising amino acid levels

Found: pancreas (alpha cells)

Insulin

Target: most tissues

Action: lowers glucose levels

Stimuli: humoral

Trigger: rising blood glucose levels

Found: pancreas (beta cells)

Somatostatin

Target: stomach, intestines, pancreatic islet cells

Action: modulates digestion, nutrient absorption, & glucagon & insulin secretion

Stimuli: humoral

Trigger: increased blood sugar

Found: pancreas

Gastrin

Target: stomach

Action: stimulates acid secretion & gastric motility

Stimuli: humoral

Trigger: food intake

Found: stomach

Estrogen & Progesterone

Target: many tissues

Action: maturation of reproductive organs, menstruation, prepares for lactation

Stimuli: hormonal

Trigger: puberty

Found: ovaries

Testosterone

Target: many tissues

Action: maturation of reproductive organs & spermatogenesis

Stimuli: hormonal

Trigger: puberty

Found: testicles

Leptin

Target: brain

Action: appetite control, stimulates increased energy expenditure

Stimuli: hormonal

Trigger: hunger/food intake

Found: adipose tissue

Resistin

insulin antagonist

Adiponectin

enhances sensitivity to insulin

Ghrelin

Target: brain

Action: stimulates food intake

Stimuli: hormonal

Trigger: hunger

Found: GI tract

Secretin

stimulates liver & pancreas

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Target: gallbladder, brain

Action: bile release, appetite supression

Stimuli: hormonal

Trigger: increased amino acids & fatty acids

Found: GI tracts

Incretins

enhance insulin release & inhibits glucagon

Erythropoietin

Target: red bone marrow

Action: erythropoiesis & increases O2 capacity of blood

Stimuli: hormonal

Trigger: birth

Found: Kidneys

Renin

initiates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

Osteocalcin

Target: pancreas, adipose tissue

Action: beta cell multiplication, increase insulin

Stimuli: hormonal

Trigger: insulin

Found: bone

Cholecalciferol

precursor of vitamin D

Calcitriol

active form of vitamin D that helps absorb Ca from intestine

Thymopoietin, Thymosin, & Thymulin

Target: immune cells (T lymphocytes)

Action: stimulates T cell development & activity

Stimuli: hormonal

Trigger: illness

Found: thymus