Chapter 17 flashcards

Which statement correctly describes the outcome of cell division?statement

Cell division leads to 2 daughter cells from 1 parental cell.

Which phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle involves mitosis and cell division?

The M phase consists of mitosis and cytokinesis.

Descrbe the G2 phase of the eukaryotic cell cycle

G2 phase is when protein synthesis for mitosis occurs.

A role regarding cyclins in the cell cycle

Cyclins accumulate during interphase and degrade at the end of mitosis. This is because interphase happens in G1,S phase and G2.

What is the function of Retinoblastoma (Rb) protein in the cell cycle?

Rb protein inhibits cell cycle progression until phosphorylated. It is a tumor suppressor, therefore it will stop the cell since it isn’t healthy. Rb protein regulates the G1 to S phase transition by preventing excessive cell division. It binds to E2F transcription factors, blocking their activity until cell conditions are favorable. Once the conditions are favorable, Rb is phosphorylated, releasing E2F to promote the expression of genes necessary for S phase entry.

What reflects the function of checkpoints in the cell cycle?

Checkpoints monitor and regulate the progression of the cell cycle, ensuring that cells only proceed to the next phase when conditions are favorable and all processes are correctly completed. Also, mitosis is halted if chromosomes are not properly aligned.

What is a key function of Maturation Promoting Factor (MPF) in the cell cycle?

MPF is a cyclin-CDK complex that initiates the processes of mitosis by phosphorylating target proteins, promoting the transition from G2 to M phase.

What factors are involved in regulating the progression through the cell cycle?

Nutrient availability and cell size can influence cycle progression.

What is required for yeast cells to pass the START point in the cell cycle?

Yeast must reach a minimum size to pass the START point. Additionally, nutrient availability and environmental conditions play a crucial role.

What occurs during Prophase of the cell cycle?

During Prophase, chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, the nuclear envelope begins to break down, and the mitotic spindle starts to form.

What is a characteristic of meiosis 2?

Meiosis 2 is similar to mitosis.

What occurs in the egg cytoplasm during the fertilization process that is crucial for development?

Calcium ions increase which is critical for fertilization. This increase in calcium triggers cortical granule exocytosis, preventing polyspermy and initiating developmental processes.

What is the key role of protein kinases in the eukaryotic cell cycle?

They regulate cell cycle progression by phosphorylating specific target proteins. Therefore, they are involved in cell cycle regulation across organisms.

What is the description of the relationship between cyclins and Cdks in the eukaryotic cell cycle?

Cyclins are regulatory proteins that activate cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) by binding to them, thereby controlling various stages of the cell cycle in interphase (G1,S,G2). Also, cyclins accumulate to regulate MPF activity.

What is the process of fertilization and its effect on oocyte meiosis?

Fertilization triggers the completion of oocyte meiosis, leading to the formation of a mature ovum and the second polar body. Oocytes remain arrested until hormonal stimulation triggers progression.

What is something that describes the spindle assembly checkpoint within the cell cycle?

The spindle assembly checkpoint ensures proper chromosome alignment and attachment to the spindle apparatus before allowing progression to anaphase, preventing errors in chromosome segregation. It halts mitosis for chromosome alignment issues.

What is the product of Meiosis 1?

The product of Meiosis 1 is two haploid cells, each containing half the number of chromosomes as the original diploid cell, along with sister chromatids.

Is there a difference of duration of cell cycle between different cell types?

Yes, the duration of the cell cycle varies significantly among different cell types, influenced by factors such as growth rate and function. For instance, rapidly dividing cells like stem cells have shorter cycles compared to differentiated cells that may have prolonged phases. Also, budding yeast can complete the cell cycle in aboiu 90 minutes.