SLP 210 (m1-m3)

phonetics

study of speech sounds

articulatory phonetics

• physical movements (lips, mouth, jaw, velum)

• anatomy and physiology

acoustic phonetics

• auditory signal of movement of air measured

• use of waveforms and spectrograms

• physics

auditory phonetics

• hearing, perceiving, categorizing speech sounds

• recognizing differences between sounds

linguistic phonetics

• comparison of speech sounds across languages

clinical phonetics

• practical application of phonetics in diagnosing and implementing therapy for individuals who have communication disorders

morpheme

smallest unit of meaning

phoneme

smallest unit of sound

phone

physical output of speech

allophone

variation of phoneme

orthographic symbols

symbols used for literacy (ee)

homographs

words that are spelled the same; have different meaning

homophones

words that are pronounced the same; spelled differently

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

phonetic symbols that represent speech sounds

virgules vs brackets

virgules (/) = written

brackets ([ ]) = spoken

speech registers

spoken level of familiarity (ex. frozen, formal, consultative, casual, and intimate)  

phonotactics

how sounds can be combined in a specific language

consonant sounds

beginning: initial 

middle: medial

end: final

in syllable position consonants occur in…

final and initial positions only

syllable-initiating

consonant sounds in the syllable initial position (ex. h,t in ho+tel)

syllable-arresting

consonant sounds in the syllable-final position (ex. l in ho+tel)

coarticulation

speech sounds influencing each other

ambisyllabic

consonants that sound like they belong to two syllables

syllabification

segmenting words into syllables

morphology

units combined to form words

maximal onset principle

• applies to words containing one or more medial consonants

• onset → syllable-initiating position

• ex. in cookie = coo+kie, ‘k’ was the medial consonant, therefore it was moved to the syllable-initiating position in the second syllable

stress

• the amount of emphasis we place on a sound, syllable, word

• duration, pitch, loudness

types of stress

contrastive: placing emphasis on a particular word or syllable to highlight a difference

lexical stress: changes word meaning

grammatical stress: changes sentence meaning

parts of a syllable include…

onset: prevocalic consonants

rime: everything after onset

• nucleus: vowel or syllabic sound

• coda: postvocalic consonants

closed vs open syllable

closed: has a coda (ex. camp)

open: no coda (ex. my)