bio sl 3.1 4.1 4.2

population

A group of organisms of the same species in the same area. even though they are the same species, the individuals vary from each other

community

populations of two or oh no more different species occupying the same geographical area at the same time

variation

differences between members of a group variation. can be discreet or continuous

discrete variation

trace that can be put into distinct qualitative categories example blood type, hand used to write usually influenced by only one or a few genes

continuous variation

traits that can vary along quantitative continuum result from complex interaction between many different genes example weight height

intraspecies variation

variation within species. it is inheritable. mutations, gene flow, meiosis, sexual reproduction

polygenic inheritance

inheritance of phenotypic characteristics such as height that are determined by the collective effect of several different genes

morphological species concept

Groups of living things recognisably distinct from all others by their shared characteristics

binomial nomenclature

The first term indicates the genius and the second species. Gina has to begin with a capital letter at the name has to be italic or underlined

binomial nomeclature

domain (eukarya) , kingdom (animalia) , phylum (chordata), class (mammalia) , order (rodentia), family (muridae), genus (alpha), species (alpha beta)

karyogram

An image of chromosomes arranged in a standard form

karyotype

The description of chromosomes are seen in a karyogram

aminocentesis

Fluid is removed from the uterus

chorionic villus sampling cvs

A sample of cells from the placenta

genome

The whole of the genetic info of an organism

biological species concept

A group of actual or potentially interbreeding populations with a common gene pool that are reproductively isolated from other groups.a group of organisms like an interbreed and produce fertile offspring

chromosome

Molecules of DNA wrapped around protein

gene

A sequence of DNA basis that codes for function RNA or protein

gene locus

where the gene is located in the chromosome

single-nucleotide polymorphism snp

Most common form of genetic variation among humans

genome size

refers to the amount of DNA in a set of chromosomes in a species (bp)

lamarckism

A theory of evolution that says organisms can pass on traits they developed during their lifetime to their offspring

darwinism

evolution and variation within a population occurs due to selective pressures, which enables organisms that are better adapted to the environment to survive and pass on this advantage to future generations. Basically natural selection.

evidence for evolution.

Molecular evidence from DNA, RNA or amino acids. Comparative anatomy and morphology evidence from fossil findings. Evidence from selective breeding..

selective breeding.

Form of deliberate selection in which humans actively choose which trait should be passed onto offspring

homologous structures.

Structures which are similar but carry out different functions are homologous. they have developed from a common ancestor. pentadactyl. they have become different because they perform different functions due to different selection pressures. (adaptive radiation)

evolution

change in the heritable characteristics of a population

analogous structures

structures that have similar form of function due to convergent evolution but have not developed from a common ancestor and therefore have different evolutionary origins.

speciation

The process by which new species are formed from a single common ancestor. it occurs at the level of population. Populations of one species may overtime evolve to become different species. species are formed for two step process - reproductive isolation isolated populations evolved independently.

adaptive radiation.

Process of diversifying in the species due to different environments

geographical isolation (allopatric speciation)

Occurs when a physical barrier such as a river or mountain sufferance populations and stops gene flow

reproductive isolation (sympatric speciation)

Population is no longer interbreed due to genetic behavioural or physiological differences even if the geographic barriers no longer present

Differential selection.

Significant differences in natural selection must occur for traits of two populations to become more and more different.

limits of morphological species concept

cryptic species, convergent evolution misleads

polyplody

whole genome duplication, common in plants

c-value

haploid dna content

evolution 2

change in allele frquencies in a population over generations. acts only on heritable variations (mutations, recombination, meiosis)

acquired traits are not inherited

sequence evidence

closer relatives - fewer sequence differences in dna rna bases and amino acids sequences

hybridization and barriers

prezygotic - habitat, time, behavior, mechanical, gametic barriers

postzygotic - inviability, sterility, breakdown

reinforcement strengthens barriers when hybrids unfit

biodiversity

The total number of different species living in a defined area ecosystem

ecosystem diversity

The range of different habitats or number of ecological niches per unit area and an ecosystem

species diversity

The variety of species per unit area number of species present and the relative abundant

genetic diversity

Range of genetic material present energy pool or population of a species

richness

The number of different species present

chromosome splitting

Chromosome happens when chromosomes separate into two. It is seen by evolutionary changes in karyotypes and results in increased number of chromosomes.

Evenness

If a habitat has similar abundance for each species present the habitat is said to have evenness

chromosome fusing

happens when two chromosomes joined together to form one. it is seen in evolution, human genetics, genetic disorders. results and decrease in chromosome number

simpsons reciprocal index

higj value of d suggests stable and ancient site, where all species have similar abundance

low value of d suggests disturbanve throughout. logging, pollution, recent colonization or agriculture where one species dominate

mass extinctions

there were 5. most recent 66 mil y.a. previous 4 mass extinctions have been attributed to volcanic activity and major changes to the atmosphere and global climate

6 extinction

today’s scientist believe we are in the six mass extinction due to anthropogenic activity

causes of anthropogenic species extinction

Over harvesting of natural resources and not allowing them to renew habit destruction, invasive alien species pollution global climate

ecosystem

A community of organisms in their surroundings, the environment and where they live and with which they interact

community

A group of different species living in an area.forms an ecosystem by its interactions with the abiotic environment

causes of ecosystem loss

land use exchange for agricultural expansion, urbanisation, over exploitation, mining and smelting, building of damp and extraction of water for irrigation, drainage or diversion of water for human use has caused the loss of swamps and other wetlands, leaching and fertilisers into rivers and lakes, climate change

citizen science

Scientific research carried out in whole or in part by amateur scientists

in situ

natural habitat conserved maintain animals normal behaviour

ex situ

Will work if habitat is lost. easy to isolate the animal from the threats

natural reserves

Areas of aquatic or terrestrial ecosystems that have been protected in order to conserve biodiversity heritage or are home to unique species

rewilding

type of environmental conservation that aims to restore natural processes and when possible reintroduced species that have disappeared

current and potential future uses of whole genome sequencing

increasing speed and decreasing costs. current uses - include research into evolutionary relationships. future - personalized medicine

chromosome comparison

human chromosome 2 arose from the fusion of chromosomes 12 and 13 with a shared primate ancestor of chimpanzees

fossil evidence

suggests that there are more species alive today than at any time in the past