survey of prokaryotes: internal structures

What are unique features of bacterial/ prokaryote DNA?

single chromosome, circular, no histones (other proteins), found in nucleoid, plasmids

what are plasmids

small, circular, extrachromosomal DNA

what are plasmids function

Replicate independently of chromosomes

Can be transferred by conjugation (via pili)- fertility plasmid

what can plasmids carry

Carry antibiotic resistance genes, metabolism genes (tol plasmid for breaking down toluene for a carbon source)

what can plasmids be used as in biotechnology

cloning vectors

what are inclusion bodies

reserve deposits

• storage of nutrients

FtsZ

Tubulin-like, used for cell division

ParM

Actin-like, used for segregation of chromosomes

TubZ

Tubulin-like, used for plasmid segregation

MerB

Actin-like, cell shape

MamK

Actin-like, subcellular localization

what endospores

resting/ dormant cell unique to bacteria

why are endospores made

when the cell detect environmental changes that will hurt then or put them in danger they created endosporens that will help/ protect them until there environment is good again

endospores structure

1.) Dehydrated

2.) Durable spore coat

3.) Contains DNA of cell

4.) Dipicolinic acid

5.) No metabolic reactions

what does it mean for endospores to be used in taxonomy

1.) Terminal

2.) Subterminal

3.) Central

sporulation

endospore formation

is sporulation a form of sexual reproduction

no

Describe the steps in sporulation.

what is tetanus caused by

an infection of a wound with endospores of the bacteria Clostridium tetani

Clostridium tetani

Obligate anaerobe (grow without oxygen)

what type of bacteria is Clostridium tetani

gram poositive

what former is Clostridium tetani

endospore former ( terminal spore)

• These are found commonly in soil or animal feces

what is tetanus disease caused by

AB toxin (tetanus toxin) produced by bacteria (clostridium tetani

what type of disease is botulism

paralytic disease

what is botulism produced by

bacterium Clostridium botulinum

bacterium Clostridium botulinum characterisitcs

• Rod shaped

• Motile

• Obligate anaerobe

• Gram positive

• Non-contagious

• Endospore former